Karteikarten
Module 2 Lecture 2 Auditory and Vestibular
Karten in diesem Stapel (37)
- 1Location of sensory receptorsIn the cochlea
- 2The bone ______ hits the _____ window and the ______ window moves in the opposite direction, caused by fluid in the cochlea.Stapes hits oval window
Round window moves in opposite direction - 3__________ gets stretched in the fluid and is ready to displace the _______.Tectorial membrane
hair cell - 4The crescent shaped stereocilia belong to the _________ while the straight stereocilia belong to________.Crescent: outer hair cells
Straight: inner - 5What is the organ that encodes sound and transmits it to the brain?The cochlea
- 6The (base/apex) of basilar membrane is tuned for higher frequencies while the (base/apex) is tuned for lower ones.Base: high freq
Apex: low freq - 7_________ is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves _________, translating into ______ force on the _______ membrane and bending of the ______.[Organ of Corti] is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves , translating into [shear] force on the [tectorial] membrane and bending of the [stereocilia]
- 8Longer hair cells are called ______. Shorter hair cells are called ______.Longer: kinocilia
Shorter: stereocilia - 9_______ is lost after birth in mammals.Kinocilia
- 10Hyperpolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing. Therefore no activation is required.potassium and calcium channel
closing - 11Depolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing, resulting in a _______.potassium and calcium channel
opening
resulting in action potential in its afferent nerve. - 12The mapping of sound is called ______.tonotopy
- 13The auditory nerve synapse in the ________ before entering the cortex. The 2 deg neuron terminates in the _____ area of the cortex.synapse: medial geniculate complex of the thalamus
2nd deg neuron terminates in the primary auditory cortex. - 14In the primary auditory cortex, the (anterior/posterior) region corresponds to apex of cochlea, while the (anterior/ posterior) region corresponds to the base of cochlea.Anterior: apex (low frequency)
Posterior: base (high frequency) - 15The key component of sound localization is the difference in _______ of the sound wave between the __________.Arrival time
between two sides of the head - 16The neurons of using time difference to distinguish location of sound are called _________. Specifically, the time difference itself is called ___________.coincidence detection neurons
ITD (intertemporal delay) - 17Steps in coincidence detection: 1. phase-locked firing in ______ cells 2. ITD is established because the side (closer/further) to the source has more time to travel 3. specific __________ neuron is activated based on input from both sides. 4. time difference is coded.1. bushy cells
2. closer
3. coincidence detection neuron - 18Where are the coincidence detection neurons located?bilateral medial superior olivary nuclei
- 19The coincidence detection neurons only fire when ___________.Sound signal from both sides arrive at the same time.
- 20The semicircular canals detect the _______ head motion while the ________ detect linear head motion. _______ and _______ together detect static tilt, with _____ oriented for vertical movements and ______ for horizontal movements.semicircular canal: rotary motion
ampulla, utricle and saccule: linear motion
saccula: vertical movements.
Utricle: horizontal - 21After birth, kinocilia only persist in the ____________.Vestibular system.
- 22When stereocilia drift towards kinocilia, (depolarization/hyperpolrization) happens, and vice versa.depolarization.
- 23Name the layers of substances in the macula from top downtopmost: otoconia --> otolithic membrane (gelatinous layer) --> reticular membrane --> hair cells --> supporting cells
- 24Function of otoconia?adjust the weight of the otolithic membranes to give a good balance between sensitivity to acceleration and static tilt.
- 25T/F: high viscosity otolithic membrane is good at detecting static tilt because it comes to rest very fast.F. I does come to rest very fast. Hence it is better at detecting acceleration.
- 26looser tilter thick accelerate.low viscosity = better at detecting tilt
high viscosity = better at detecting acceleration - 27Backward head tilt can produce similar otholitic movement as ___________.forward acceleration
- 28T/F: at rest, the vestibular nerves are not firing.F. always have a baseline firing rate
- 29T/F: hair cell in the canals only detect acceleration/ deceleration, but not constant velocity.T.
- 30The vestibular nerves enters the medulla after passing through the _____ ganglion. It then go to _______ nucleus and the ______ nucleus.Scarpa's ganglion.
Abducens nucleus
oculomotor nucleus - 31When you turn your head to your R, the firing rate of (L/R) scarpa's ganglion increases.R.
- 32The second- degree (excitatory/inhibitory) neurons decussate at the medulla and synapses at contralateral abducens nucleus.Excitatory.
- 33Another decussation happens at the _________ through which the 3rd degree neurons enter the oculomotor nucleus.medial longitudinal fasciculus
- 34abducens excitatory decussate (once/twice)Once
- 35oculomotor excitatory neuron decussate (once/twice).twice
- 36During postural sway, smaller angles are controlled by _________ while larger angles are controlled by ________.smaller angle: proprioception and somatosensory
Larger angle: vestibular - 37The cat with transectioned spine demonstrates that ___________.Higher CNS centers (brainstem) are required for postural control.
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- Beschreibung
- PT569 Fundamentals of Neuroscience Karteikarten am Module 2 Lecture 2 Auditory and Vestibular, erstellt von Mia Li am 27/02/2018.
- Erstellt von
- Mia Li
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