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| Question | Answer |
| Patients in the EXCITE trial who demonstrated difficulty grasping were able to perform rapid task performance with the same hand after _______. | Constraint-induced movement therapy. |
| How long were the participants post stroke? | 3-9 mo |
| How long did the effect of constraint-induced movement thrapy last? | at least 1 year. |
| The total number of retrievals ______ while the finger flexions per retrieval _______ after training of the task. | total number: increased. (more food) Finger flexion per retrieval: decreased. (more efficient) |
| T/F: Motor map is the same across individuals if it's performed accurately. | F. (varies across individuals) |
| T/F: once formed, the motor map does not shift anymore. | F. It is able to be shifted via training. |
| The monkeys trained in small well food retrieval have _____ digit representation and ______ wrist representation on their motor map. | Increased digit. Decreased wrist. |
| Reason for losing of wrist representation? | Limited area available. |
| T/F: Digit-wrist shift occured in all animals. | F. did NOT happen in all animals. |
| Neurons without blood supply will undergo apoptosis. | T. |
| Which neurotransmitters/ factors induce apoptosis? | 1. glutamate 2. cytokine |
| T/F: after post-infarct therapy, the area damaged by the infarct is able to regenerate. | F. It is no longer active, but healthy areas around it can adapt their functions. |
| See slide 22. Which synapse is going to weaken/ strengthen? | the one with repeated 2 x F inputs is going to be strengthened. The one paired with random input is going to weaken. |
| What is happening at the cortical level during constraint-induced movement therapy? | It forces the cortical representation of the affected limb to reorganize. |
| During Henry Head's self experiment, which sensation returned first, coarse or specific? | Coarse. |
| Which cell guide and support re-emergence of growth cone? | Schwann cells |
| T/F: nerves that are crushed regenerate faster than nerves that are cut. | T. |
| __________ remove the myeline debris of damaged nerve. | Macrophages. |
| T/F: newly formed NMJ are at the same location of previous NMJs. | T. |
| Why is CNS not so good at recovery? | Glial cell regrowth is too significant that scar is formed instead of neural regrowth. |
| What is the ideal scenario of CNS recovery? | stem cell differentiation and replacement. |
| What is the implication of the atomic testing ban study? | Neurogenesis occurs at younger age and neurons are more stable as compared to non-neurons. |
| Which animal is known to have adult neurogenesis? | god fish LOL and song birds |
| T/F: exercise has powerful protective effect on neurons. | T |
| T/F: exercise is shown to reduce amyloid-beta expression in Alzheimer's disease. | T. |
| T/F: Sedentary mice took less time to escape the maze. | F. They took longer. |
| Where are the two locations of most evidence of neurogenesis? | 1. olfactory bulb 2. hippocampus (human) |
| Neural precursors generated in the sub ventricular zone move from the ventricle wall along the ________ to the olfactory bulb, where they become ______. | rostral migratory stream become interneurons |
| Neuroblasts migrating to the hippocampus differentiate to become _________ neurons. | GABAergic neurons. |
| The neural progenitor cells (also called _______) divide to form neuro______ or ______, and another ________. | also called transit amplifying cells divide into neuroblasts and glioblasts |
| How do you educate your patients on neurogenesis? | 1. exercise can protect neurons from certain tyes of damage. 2. although generation of new neurons is limited in adult humans, there is hope for recovery via remodeling function of existing neurons. 3. Neurons remodel function through repeated use 4. some species regenerate neurons and research is active to find ways to do this in human |
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