Karteikarten
Head and Neck
Karten in diesem Stapel (200)
- 1The cavernous sinus is formed by which veins?Superior and inferior ophthalmic, superficial middle cerebral, and sphenoparietal sinus
- 2The cavernous sinus is drained by what veins?Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses, and emissary veins to basilar and pterygoid plexuses
- 3What is WITHIN the cavernous sinus?Internal carotid artery, abducent nerve, carotis plexus of nerves
- 4What is within the lateral walls of the cavernous sinus?Oculomotor, trochlear, V1 and V2
- 5What veins form the external jugular vein?Posterior auricular and posterior division of retromandibular
- 6Where is the EJV formed?At the angle of the mandible
- 7What is the course and origin of the retromandibular vein?Courses within the parotid gland deep to the parotid plexus and superficial to the external carotid artery
originates from the junction of the maxillary and superficial temporal veins - 8What divisions does the retromandibuar vein have?Anterior = enters face and joins with the anterior facial vein
Posterior = joins with posterior auricular - 9What are the tributaries of the EJV?surascapular, anterior jugular and cervicodorsal (transverse cervical)
- 10Where does the EJV terminate?in the subclavian vein
- 11What general regions does the EJV drain?scalp and lateral face
- 12By what and where is the IJV formed?At the jugular foramen by the junction of the inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus
- 13What general regions does the IJV drain?anterior face, brain and cervical viscera
- 14what are the tributaries of the IJVlingual, facial and pharyngeal branches, superior and middle thyroid veins
- 15what is the course of the iJV and where does it terminate?courses within the carotid sheath lateral to the carotid arteries, and terminates posterior to the sternal end of the clavicle by joining the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
- 16what unique structures does the IJV contain?superior and inferior bulbs (dilations)
- 17where does the superior saggital sinus begin and end? Where is its general location?begins crista galli and ends at confluence of sinuses at the internal occipital protuberance
located in the superior margin of the cerebral falx - 18where does the inferior saggital sinus end? what is its general locationends at the straight sinus. runs in the inferior concave border of the cerebral fall
- 19where is the straight sinus?along the line of attachment of the cerebral fall
- 20What forms the straight sinus? where does it draininferior saggiato sinus and the great cerebral vein
drains in the confluence of sinuses - 21what are the tributaries/brannches of the confluence of sinuses?superior saggiato, straight, occipital, and transverse
- 22where does the transverse sinus begin and end + how?begins= confluence of sinuses
ends = posterior aspect of petrous temporal bone by becoming sigmoid sinus - 23what is the course of the sigmoid sinusruns an s-shaped course as the continuation of the transverse sinus along the petrous and occipital bones to the jugular foramen where it joins with the inf. petrosal to become the IJV
- 24where does the superior petrosal sinus terminate?at the border of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses
- 25what is the course of the superior petrosal sinus?runs along the superior border of the petrous temporal bone
- 26what are the branches of the superficial temporal artery?transverse facial (within parotid gland), anterior auricular, frontal and parietal
- 27where does the ECA terminate?within the parotid gland, deep to the retromandibular vein
- 28What arteries are present in the lateral cervical region and what is their origin?- Suprascapular (branch of thyrocervical)
- cervicodorsal trunk aka transverse cervical (branch of thyrocervical)
- dorsal scapular (2nd part of subclavian)
- third part of subclavian - 29What are the veins in the lateral cervical region?- external jugular vein
- subclavian vein - 30What arteries are in the anterior cervical region?- common, external and internal carotid
- branches of external carotid - 31What are the veins in the anterior cervical region?- IVJ
- tributaries of the IJV: facial, lingual, pharyngeal, superior and middle thyroid - 32what arteries are in the root of the neck?brachiocephalic trunk, subclavian and its branches
- 33what veins are in the root of the neck?- termination of the EJV
- AJV
- subclavian vein - 34Where and from what does the AJV form?forms bear the hyoid
- from confluence of superficial submandibular veins - 35course and termination of the AJV- descends between midline and ant. SCM
- at root of neck, turns laterally post. to SCM
- drains into term. of EJV or into subclavian vein
- commonly R and L will join to form jugular venous arch in suprasternal space (sup. to manubrium) - 36what are the tributaries of the subclavian vein?EJV
- 37What type of nerve is Olfactory (CNI)special visceral afferent
- 38what types of cells are the olfactory receptor neutrons?bipolar
- 39what is located on the apical surface of the olfactory neutrons?olfactory cilia
- 40what is located on the basal surface of the olfactory neutrons?central process (form the olfactory nerve)
- 41through which foramina do the olfactory nerves enter the cranium?cribriform foramina
- 42what types of cells are located within the olfactory bulb? What is formed by the axons of these cells?mitral cells. they form the olfactory tract
- 43what are divisions of the olfactory tract? what is their course?lateral --> terminates in piriform cortex of temporal lobe
medial --> goes through anterior commissure and comm. with contralateral fibre - 44what type of nerve is optic (CN2)special somatic afferent
- 45what surrounds the optic nerve?extensions of cranial meninges and subarachnoid space
- 46where does the optic nerve begin?where the unmyelinated axons of retinal ganglion cells pierce the sclera and become myelinated (deep to the optic disc)
- 47through which foramen does the optic nerve enter the cranium?optic canal
- 48where do fibres of the optic tracts terminate?in the lateral geniculate bodies of thalamus where they are relayed to the visual cortex of occipital lobes
- 49where is the olfactory bulb situated?in anterior cranial fossa
in contact with inferior part of frontal lobe - 50what part of the brainstem does oculomotor arise?midbrain
- 51what are the nuclei of oculomotor?motor nucleus and accessory (endanger-westphal) nucleus
- 52what are the divisions of oculomotor and what do they innovate?superior = superior rectus, levator palpeerde superioris
inferior - inferior and middle recuts, inferior oblique, parasympathetic to ciliary ganglion - 53what type of nerve is oculomotor?general somatic efferent
general visceral efferent - 54what is different about the trochlear nerve?arises from the dorsal side of the brainstem
- 55which nerve arises from the dorsal side of the brainstemtrochlear n.
- 56what type of nerve is trochlear?general somatic efferent
- 57where does trochlear n. arise and from what nucleimidbrain from nucleus of trochlear n.
- 58why is trigeminal n. special?it is the largest cranial nerve
- 59what type of nerve is trigeminal nerve?general somatic afferent
special visceral efferent (branchial) - 60what are the nuclei of trigeminalmotor nucleus of tri., mesencephalic, principal sensory and spinal nuclei
- 61where does trigeminal nerve arisepons
- 62what forms the sensory root of the trigemnial n.central processes of the pseudo unipolar neutrons that make up the trigeminal ganglion
- 63what are the divisions of the ophthalmic nervefrontal, nasociliary and lacrimal
- 64what are the branches of the frontal nervesupra orbital and supra trochlear
- 65what are the branches of the nasociliary nerveant. and post. ethmoidal and infratrochlear (term)
- 66what are the branches of the maxillary nerveinfraorbital, zygomatic, branches to PP ganglion, PS alveolar
- 67what are the branches of the ptergygopalatine ganglionlesser and greater palatine, nasopalaline, pharyngeal
- 68through which foramen does maxillary nerve enterround foramen
- 69through which foramen does ophthalmic nerve entersuperior orbital fissure
- 70through which foramen does mandibular nerve enteroval
- 71what are the divisions and branches of the mandibular nervebefore division --> medial pterygoid, tensor tympani and tensor veil palatine
anterior --> masseteric, lateral pterygoid, deep temporal, buccal
posterior --> auriculotemporal, inf alveolar, lingual - 72where does the otic ganglion receive fibres frompresynaptic parasympathetic from the lesser petrosal nerve (tympanic plexus - glossopharyngeal)
- 73what are branches of the otic ganglionconveys postsynaptic parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland via auriculotemoral n.
- 74which ganglia are parasympathetic?otic, pterygopalatine, submandibular, ciliary
- 75which ganglia are sensory?trigeminal, geniculate
- 76what does the lingual nerve innervate?provides general sensory innveration to the anterior 2/3 of the lounge, floor of mouth and lingual gingiva
receives special sensory fibres from chord tympani for taste innervation of the ant 2/3 of tongue - 77what type of nerve is abducentgeneral somatic efferent
- 78what type of nerve is facial n.special visceral afferent
general somatic afferent
special visceral efferent
general visceral efferent - 79what are the nuclei of the facial nervemotor nucleus, superior salivary and solitary nucleus
- 80what type of nerve is vestibulocochearspecial somatic afferent
- 81what forms the vestibular nervecentral processes of bipolar neurons in the vestibular ganglion
- 82where are the vestibular ganglion locatedinternal acoustic meatus
- 83where do the peripheral processes of the vestibular nerve go?maculae of the utricle and saccule and to cristae of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts
- 84what forms the cochlear nerve?central processes of bipolar neurons in the spiral ganglion
- 85where do the peripheral processes of the cochlear nerve go?extend to spiral organ
- 86where are the spiral ganglia locatedin the modiolus
- 87what type of nerve is glossopharyngealgeneral somatic afferent
special visceral afferent
general visceral afferent (from carotid sinus and body)
special visceral efferent
general visceral efferent - 88what are the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nervemotor = nucleus ambiguous, inferior salivatory nucleus
sensory = sensory nucleus of trigeminal, and solitary tract nucleus - 89where does the glossopharyngeal nerve arise?lateral medulla
- 90what type of nerve is vagusgeneral somatic afferent
special visceral afferent
general visceral afferent
special visceral efferent
general visceral efferent - 91what are the nuclei of the vagus nervemotor: dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus
sensory: nucleus of solitary tract and sensory of trigeminal - 92where does the vagus nerve ariselateral medulla
- 93what are the branches of the vagus nerve and what does it innervatein the cranium: auricular branch (sensory)
in neck: pharyngeal branches (motor to pharyngeal plexus), laryngeal (mixed), and recurrent laryngeal (right only)
- also provides special taste to root of tongue - 94what type of nerve is spinal accessorygeneral somatic efferent
- 95where does the spinal accessory nerve arisesuperior 5 or 6 cervical segments of the spinal cord
- 96what type of nerve is hypoglossalgeneral somatic efferent
- 97where is the superior cervical ganglion located?level of C1/C2
- 98what branches does the superior cervical ganglion give?- superior cervical cardiac nerve to heart
- arterial branches to supply periarterial plexus of external and internal carotid
- grey rami communicates to superior 4 cervical spinal nerves - 99where is the middle cervical ganglion located?anterior to transverse process of C6 at level of cricoid cartilage
- 100what branches does the middle cervical ganglion give?- middle cervical cardiac nerve
- grey communicating rami to C5 and C6
- arterial branches to supply periarterial plexus of thyroid gland - 101describe the inferior cervical ganglionlargest
usually fused with first thoracic ganglion to form "cervicothoracic ganglion" or "stellate" ganglion - 102where is the inf. ganglion locatedat the level of transverse process C7
just superior to neck of first rib - 103what branches does the inferior cervical ganglion give?inferior cervical cardiac nerve
grey communicating rami to C7 and C8
arterial branches to plexuses vertebral artery - 104what forms the cervical plexus?anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4
- 105what are the muscular branches of the cervical plexus?infrahyoid nerves from anna cervicalis (C1-C3), branches to SCM, pre vertebral and scalene, phrenic (C3-C5)
- 106what are the sensory branches of the cervical plexuslesser occipital C2
great auricular C2 and C3
transverse cervical C2 and C3
supra scapular C3 and C4 - 107where do the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus arise?nerve point of the neck = at the middle of the posterior border of the SCM
- 108where is the cervical plexus located?anteromedial to middle scalene and levator scapulae
deep to SCM - 109what forms the angular vein and where?supratrochlear and supraorbital veins at the root of the nose
- 110what is the course of the angular vein?descends along the root and side of the nose and becomes facial vein at the inferior orbital margin
- 111what tributaries does the facial vein recieve?external nasal, inferior palpebral, ant. division of retromandibular vein, deep facial
- 112where does the facial vein drain?into the internal jugular vein
- 113what forms the common facial vein? and whereant division of retromandibular and facial vein at inferior border of mandible
- 114what drains the pterygoid plexus and into which large veins?maxillary vein --> into EJV (also communicates with IJV via facial vein)
deep facial vein --> into IJV - 115what are the tributaries of the pteygoid venous plexus?correspond to the branches of the maxillary artery
- 116what are the tributaries of the superior saggital sinussuperior cerebral vein
- 117where is the cavernous sinus locatedanteriorly from the superior orbital fissure to the apex of the petrous temporal bone posteriorly
- 118what muscles form the floor of the mouthmylohyoid, geniohyoid, ant. digastric, stylohyoid and hyoglossus
- 119what forms the eyelids?externally covered by skin
internally lines by palpebral conjunctiva
strengthened by tarsi - 120what do the tarsi consist offormed by dense bands of connective tissue
contain tarsal glands that produce lipid secretion - 121describe the types of conjuctivapalpebral conjunctiva lines in internal eyelid and is continuous with bulbar conjunctiva which lines the anterior surface of the eyeball attaching at the periphery of the cornea
are continuous at the superior and inferior conjunctival fornices - 122what is at the margin of the eyelids and what do they formeyelashes
superior and inferior margins will form medial and lateral commissures of the eye - 123what connects the tarsi to the orbits of the eye?medial and lateral palpebral ligaments
orbital septum - 124what does the lacrimal apparatus consists oflacrimal gland, excretory ducts, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal punctum and nasolacrimal duct
- 125where is the lacrimal gland locatedin the superolateral region of the orbit within the fossa for the lacrimal gland of frontal bone
- 126what is the structure of the lacrimal glandhas a superior palpebral part and an inferior orbital part formed by the tendon of the levator palpebral superioris
- 127what is the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal glandreceives fibres from greater petrosal (branch of facial nerve) synapse in pteygopalatine ganglion and are conveyed to the gland via lacrimal nerve (branch of ophthalmic V1)
- 128describe the flow of lacrimal fluidsecreted into 8-12 excretory ducts in the superior conjunctival fornix
fluid is pushed from lateral to medial by the eyelids during blinking
will enter the lacrimal canaliculi via the lacrimal puncture on the lacrimal papilla near the medial angle of the eye
enters the nasolacrimal duct to the inferior nasal meatus where it then enters the nasopharynx - 129what is the sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal glandfrom internal carotid plexus via deep petrosal. these fibres are postsynaptic and will pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing
- 130what forms the supporting apparatus of the eyeballposteriorly by the fascial sheath of the eyeball (tenon's capsule) and anteriorly by bulbar conjunctiva
reflects into the tendons of the ocular muscles forming tubular muscle sheaths
this sheath forms triangular expansions on medial and lateral rectus called "check ligaments" which prevent over abduction/adduction
blending of check ligaments with fascia of inferior oblique/rectus will form the suspensory ligament of the eyeball - 131what is the space between the fascial sheath and other layer of the eyeball calledepiscleral space
- 132how much of the eyeball does the sclera cover? and where?posterior 5/6ths
- 133describe the scleraopaque, vascular
- 134where is the cornea located?anterior 1/6th of the eyeball
- 135describe the corneaclear, avascular, higher convexity than sclera
- 136where does the cornea receive its nourishment frominternal --> aqueous humour
external --> lacrimal fluid - 137what innervates the corneasensory innervation from the nasociliary nerve (V1)
- 138what is the relation between the cornea and sclerajoin at the corneoscleral junction which forms an angle called the corneal limbus
- 139what is another name for the vascular layer of the eyeballuvea or uveal tract
- 140what are the 3 layers of the eyeballfibrous, vascular and inner
- 141what makes up the fibrous layer of the eyeballsclera and cornea
- 142makes make up the vascular layerchoroid, ciliary body and iris/pupil
- 143what consists the choroiddense vascular bed
externally --> larger vessels
internally --> capillary lamina of the choroid - 144what is the function of the ciliary body? (structural and functional)connects the choroid to the periphery of the iris
allows attachment for the lens by suspensory ligaments
contracts to change the shape of the lens - 145what is the structure of the ciliary bodycircularly arranged smooth muscle
internal surface contains ciliary processes which produce aqueous humour - 146what is the structure of the iris? where is it locatedlies directly anterior to the lens
thin, contractile diaphragm with a central aperture (pupil)
internal circular muscle --> sphincter pupillae
external radial muscle --> dilator pupillae - 147what is the parasympathetic innervation of the irisinvolves constriction of pupil
fibres from oculomotor synapse in ciliary ganglion and are conveyed to sphincter pupillary via short ciliary nerves - 148what is the sympathetic innervation of the irisinvolves dilation of pupil
postsynaptic sympathetic fibres pass from nasociliary to dilator papillae via long ciliary nerve - 149what is the inner layer of the eyeballretina
- 150what is the structure of the retinaoptic part --> 2 layers are pigmented (external) and neural (internal) which contains photoreceptors and is sensitive to light
non-visual--> anteriorly the pigmented layer will continue at the ora serrata and cover the posterior surface of the ciliary body and iris to the periphery of the pupil - 151what are the division of the retinaoptic and non-visual parts
- 152where is light focused in the eyeball?in the fundus
- 153what is the fundus and where is it locatedthe region where light in focus on the posterior aspect of the eyeball; just opposite the lens
contains the optic disc which is where the nerve fibres and vessels leave
also contains the macula - 154describe the optic discinsensitive to light and does not contain any photoreceptors
aka blind spot - 155what is the maculasmall oval yellow region located lateral to the optic disc
contains cones specialized for acuity of vision (sharpness)
central depression is called the fovea centralis - 156what is different about the fovea centralis to surrounding retinacontains only 2 layers of cells versus 10 (compared to surrounding) so it can best process incoming light for sharp vision
thats why it has a depression - 157what is the arterial supply of the retinainternally --> central retinal artery (branch of ophthalmic)
externally --> capillary lamina of choroid - 158in what order do lightwaves pass through the refractive media of the eyecornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour
- 159what occupies the anterior segment of the eyeballaqueous humour
- 160how does aqueous humour enter the anterior compartmentsecreted by ciliary process then passes through pupil into ant. chamber
- 161what are the boundaries of the anterior chamberanteriorly --> cornea
posteriorly --> pupil/iris - 162what are the boundaries of the posterior chamber of the eyeballanteriorly --> iris/pupil
posteriorly --> ciliary body and lens - 163what are the contents of the posterior chamber of the eyeballaqueous humous
- 164where does the aqueous humour drainvia scleral venous sinus in the iridoscleral angle
- 165what is the intra-ocular pressurebalance between production and drainage of aqueous humour
- 166where is the lends locatedposterior to the iris and anterior to the vitreous body
- 167what is the structure of the lensbiconcave structure covered by capsule
capsule is suspended to the ciliary body by zonular fibres which make up the suspensory ligament - 168what is the function of the lenschanges shape for accommodation
flat lens for far vision
spherical lens for near vision
ciliary body can contract to loosen suspensory ligament and make lens moe round (parasympathetic) - 169what occurs during parasympathetic response to the ciliary body and what is the effect on the lensciliary body contracts, zonular fibres loosen and lens becomes more spherical (for near sight)
- 170what is accomodationactive process of changing the shape of the lens for near vision
- 171how much of the eyeball does the vitreous body constitute4/5ths
- 172what type of ganglion is ciliary and where does it receive its fibres fromparasympathetic
receives presynaptic parasympathetic from oculomotor, postsynaptic sympathetic from the internal carotid plexus and sensory from nasociiary - 173what nerve arises from the ciliary ganglion and what does it innervateshort ciliary nerve;
parasympathetic to ciliary body and sphincter pupillae
sympathetic to blood vessels and super tassel muscle - 174what are the main nerves of the orbitoptic, trochlear, abducent, oculomotor, short and long ciliary
- 175where is the main blood supply of the orbit derived fromophthalmic artery
- 176what are the arteries in the orbitFROM OPHTHALMIC: central retinal artery (supplies inner retina), short posterior ciliary (supply capillary lamina), long posterior ciliary (anastomose anteriorly with anterior ciliary branches to form the ciliary plexus), lacrimal, supratrochlear and supraorbital, ant. and post. ethmoidal
+ infraorbital - 177what is the venous drainage of the eyesuperior and inferior ophthalmic veins (into cavernous sinus)
central vein of retina into cavernous sinus
vorticose veins from vascular layer into inferior ophthalmic - 178where is the parotid gland located? what are the boundaries of the parotid region?anterior: anterior border of master
posterior: ramous of external ear + ant. SCM
superior : zygomatic arch
inferior: inferior border of mandible
medial: ramous of mandible
* located between the ramous of the mandible and the mastoid process - 179what is the structure of the parotid gland?pyramidal shape with base superior
covered with parotid sheath which is formed by investing layer of deep cervical fascia - 180what is the course of the parotid ductarises from anterior border of parotid gland
runs anteriorly to anterior border of master then turns medially, pierces buccinator and drains into oral cavity opposite 2nd molar maxillary tooth - 181what is the innervation of the parotid glandsensory: auriculotemporal and great auricular
parasympathetic: from auricotemporal which conveys fibres from otic ganglion (from lesser petrosal ie. glossopharyngeal)
sympathetic: external carotid nerve plexus - 182what are the two divisions of the oral cavityoral cavity proper and oral vestibule
- 183what are the boundaries of the oral cavity proper? what does it communicate with?upper and lower dental arches , palate
communicates posteriorly with the oropharynx - 184what is the arterial supply of the upper and lower lips?upper: superior labial branches of facial and infraorbital
lower: inferior labial branches from facial and mental - 185what is the nerve supply of lips?upper: supralabial from infraorbital
lower: infralabial from mental - 186what are the types of gingiva?gingiva proper: attached to alveolar processes of mandible and maxilla; lingual, buccal and labial
alveolar mucosa: unattached - 187surfaces of teethvestibular, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal (masticatory)
- 188basic external structure of toothroot: one or more within alveolar processes; covered with cementum
neck : surrounded by gingiva
crown: visible portion; covered with enamel - 189internal structure of toothcentral pulp cavity containing loose connective tissue, good vessels, nerves
leads to root canals which contain apical foramina at the tip of the root - 190joint of teethgomphosis (dento-alveolar syndesmosis)
supported by peridontium which extends between alveolar bone and cementum - 191what are the parts of the palate2/3 anterior hard palate --> palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone
1/3 posterior soft palate --> ant. aponeurotic part and posterior muscular part - 192components of hard palateincisive fossa which communicates with the maxillary incisive canals (nasopalatine passes through)
greater and lesser palatine foramina - 193components of soft palateattached to posterior margin of hard palate
posterior free margin forms uvula
joined to tongue and pharynx by palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
communicates with oropharynx by isthmus of fauces - 194what are the boundaries of the faucessuperiorly --> soft palate
inferiorly --> root of tongue
laterally --> pillars of faces (palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus)
isthmus is the space between the two folds and contains the palatine tonsils - 195superficial features of palate (in mucosa)palatine glands
incisive papilla (ant. to incisive fossa)
transerse palatine folds
palatine raphe - 196what is the blood supply to the palate?greater and lesser palatine arteries
(lesser anastomoses with ascending palatine; branch of facial) - 197where do the veins of the palate drain?pterygoid venous plexus
- 198what is the nerve supply of the palate?greater palatine and nasopalatine
lesser palatine - 199parts and surfaces of tongueroot, body, apex
dorsal (superior) and ventral (inferior) - 200dorsum of tongueseparated into ant. and post. parts by terminal sulcus which at the apex is the foramen cecum
anterior part contains papilla
posterior part contains lingual tonsils
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- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Head and Neck, erstellt von Emilia Mijatovic am 28/04/2018.
- Erstellt von
- Emilia Mijatovic
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