Karteikarten
Basic Respiratory Structure
Karten in diesem Stapel (46)
- 1What are the three main functions of the respiratory system?Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion - 2Name the structures of the upper airwayThe nose
The nasopharynx
The oropharynx
The Laryngopharynx
The larynx - 3Name the structures of the lower respiratory systemThe trachea
The bronchi (primary)
The bronchi (secondary)
The bronchioles
The alveoli - 4What the main functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?Warms, Humidification and filtration of air
Air distribution and gas exchange
Speech formation, maintenance of homeostatic pH and olfaction. - 5How many lobes does each lung have?Right has 3 lobes
Left has 2 lobes - 6What are the two types of pleura?The parietal pleura, which attaches to the thoracic wall / intercostal muscles.
The visceral pleura, which attaches directly to the lungs.
There is also the pleural cavity, which is the gap between the two pleura - 7Name the two zones for airway movement.The conducting zone and the respiration zone
- 8What does the nasopharynx do?It warms and humidifies air.
It also filters air through the use of mucus.
Particles are trapped in the mucus and swept by cilia towards the entrance to the nose to be excreted - 9What does the oropharynx do?It is the boundary between the digestive and respiratory systems. The swallowing reflex is conducted in the oropharynx.
- 10What does the Larynx do?It contains the voice box. It also filters dust through ciliated cells similar to nasopharynx. Contains epiglottis to stop being aspirated
- 11What does the trachea do?Contains c-shaped components of cartilage that prevents the airway from collapsing.
- 12what do the bronchi do?Transfers air from the trachea into the lungs. There are two primary bronchi, the right being larger and more vertical than the left.
- 13What are the main components of an alveoli?There are the type 1 and type 2 cells of the alveoli wall. The alveoli also contain capillaries that exchange O2 and CO2 between the two.
The alveoli also contain macrophages for immunity and also contain pores between alveoli to maintain pressure. - 14Difference between internal and external respiratory?Internal respiration occurs at the peripheral cells within the systemic circulation. There is a unloading of O2 from Hb into the internal cell site for energy production. CO2 is diffused into plasma in the form of Carbonic acid which leads to a H+ ion and bicarbonate ion. A bit of CO2 into the Hb.
External respiration occurs at the alveoli. There is a unloading of CO2 from the systemic circulation into the lungs. The Bicarbonate breaks down into carbonic acid and then into CO2. - 15What is Boyle's Law?Boyle's law refers to the inverse relationship between volume and pressure. If temp is constant, as volume decreases, pressure will increase.
P = 1/V - 16Air moves in what way? (concentration)From an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
So on inspiration, the pressure must be higher OUTSIDE the body.
On expiration, the pressure must be higher INSIDE the body. - 17What structures are involved in respiration?External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
The sternocleidomastoid & pectoral muscles - 18What structures are involved in expiration?Internal intercostal muscles
The abdominal muscles
Diaphragm (relaxes)
External intercostal muscles (relaxes) - 19What the main pressure numbers involved in inspiration?Atmospheric pressure = 760mmHg
Alveoli pressure = 758mmHg
Intrapleural pressure = 754mmHg - 20What the main pressure numbers involved in expiration?Atmospheric pressure = 760mmHg
Alveoli pressure = 763mmHg
Intrapleural pressure = 756mmHg - 21Expiration is a passive process. True or false?True. It requires no energy to relax the muscles.
However, during vigorous exercise, this process becomes active - 22Inspiration is a passive process. True or false?False. It requires energy to contact the muscles.
- 23What are the normal levels of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH and Bicarbonate in the blood?Pa02 = 80-100mmHg
PaC02 = 35-40 mmHg
pH = 7.35-7.45
HCO3- = 22-26 mmol/L - 24What brain structure controls the rhythm for respiration?The medulla. It is controls through a negative feedback mechanism
- 25What sensors are involved in respiration and where are they located?Central chemoreceptors - CSF
Peripheral chemoreceptors - Carotid bodies and aortic arch
Lung stretch receptors - lungs - 26What is the main role of the central chemoreceptors?They sense pH changes in the blood. Very sensitive. They induce an increased rate and depth of ventilation.
Once the excess CO2 is removed from the blood through increased ventilation, the CO2 will diffuse out of CSF - 27What is the main role of the peripheral chemoreceptors?They are sensitive to changes in O2, however not as sensitive as central chemoreceptors. PaO2 has to decrease to 60mmHg to increase rate and depth of ventilation.
- 28What is the main role of the stretch receptors in the lungs?They stop us over-inflating our lungs when exercising. The sense stretch through the smooth muscles contained in the bronchioles
- 29What components of the ANS do what in the lungs?The sympathetic nervous system innervates through the upper thoracic and cervical root ganglia. It causes the bronchial smooth muscle to relax (beta-2)
The parasympathetic nervous system innervates through the vagus nerve. It causes bronchial smooth muscle to contract (Muscarinic - 3). - 30Pressure reflects what in physics?The higher the concentration (i.e., pressure) the higher the number of collisions between gas particles.
- 31What is Dalton's law?The total pressure of the gas mixture is determined by the summation of the partial pressures of each gas
- 32What is the partial pressures of each gas (nitrogen, O2, and CO2) at sea level?598mmHg = nitrogen
160mmHg = Oxygen
0.2mmHg = Carbon Dioxide - 33What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in venous blood and what does is reflect for respiration?Oxygen is at a partial pressure of 40mmHg, and CO2 is at 46mmHg. It means the CO2 is at a higher partial pressure than the atmospheric pressure, meaning that CO2 will rapidly diffuse into the alveoli. Similarly, O2 is at a lower partial pressure than the atmospheric pressure, meaning that O2 will rapidly diffuse from the airway into the blood.
- 34Why isn't the partial pressure of O2 160 mmHg in the arterial blood?Humidification occurs within the upper respiratory tract causing a reduction of the partial pressure (-47mmHg, total 149mmHg of oxygen)
Moreover, oxygen is mixed with alveoli gases, due to the alveoli not being fully emptied, leading to a further reduction of partial pressure (-46 mmHg, total oxygen = 103mmHg). - 35What is Fick's law?Rate of diffusion is:
Directly proportional to the surface area of the respiratory membrane
Directly proportional to the pressure gradient.
Directly proportional to the gas solubility
Inversely proportional to membrane thickness. - 36Oxygen diffusion depends on what factors?Pressure gradient
Distance to travel (diffusion distance)
Total surface area
Alveoli ventilation - 37What 4 steps are involved in oxygen transportation?1.Oxygen brought into the lungs through ventilation.
2.Oxygen is diffused into the pulmonary blood.
3. Oxygen is then perfused and transported into the capillaries through haemoglobin.
4. Oxygen is diffused into the peripheral cells. - 38How many O2 molecules per HB molecule?4.
- 39How would you describe a right shift on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?It would be in the presence of NOT enough oxygen, causing a Bohr effect whereby oxygen is rapidly dissociated from Hb. Causing a drop in the O2 saturation levels and an increase in CO2 saturation levels in Hb. Excess pH causes oxygen to not bind well to Hb.
- 40What % breakdown of CO2 is transported out of the body by blood plasma or haemoglobin?10% dissolved into the plasma as CO2.
20% diffuses into reduced Hb to form carbaminohaemoglobin.
70% forms Bicarbonate in plasma through combination of Carbonic acid and water. - 41What is tidal volume and minute volume?Tidal volume is the total volume of air moving in and out of the lungs during 1 breath (~500ml)
Minute volume is the total volume of air moving in and out of the lungs during 1 minute (~6L) - 42What are the inspiration and expiration reserve volumes?The total amount of air breathed in or out over and above a normal breath
IN = ~3.3L
OUT = ~1.0L - 43What is vital capacity?The total volume of air breathed in and out via a maximum inspiration and expiration (~4.8L [reserves + tidal volume])
- 44What is residual volume?Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximum respiration
(~1.2L) - 45How is total lung capacity calculated?Vital capacity + Residual volume
- 46Name some respiratory complications that arise from ageing?Decreased production of collagen - a reduction in lung compliance and airway diameter + a reduction in number of cilia (Increased rate of infections)
Decrease in muscle strength which leads to reduction in muscle contraction for inspiration
A decrease in the number of alveoli size and number, which leads to a reduction in the diffusion of oxygen.
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- Masters Anatomy & Physiology Karteikarten am Basic Respiratory Structure, erstellt von Angus Cooper am 20/06/2018.
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- Angus Cooper
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