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Hope Memory Environmenal Science 9th grade Englisch 166 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (166)

  1. 1environmentsum of all conditions surrounding us that influence life
  2. 2bioticliving
  3. 3abioticnon living
  4. 4environmental studiescombines environmental science with other things like politics, economics, literature, and ethics
  5. 5Henry David ThoreauTranscendentalism
    intrinsic value in nature
  6. 6John Muircontinued to popularize the beauty of nature and was an avid preservationist
    Known for work in california
    co-founded the Sierra Club
    Got the government involved
  7. 7Theodore Roosevelt26 prez
    created national parks
    antiquities act
  8. 8Gifford pinchotFirst chief of Us Forest Service
    Created conservation ethic
    was is favor of federal management of US land
  9. 9Aldo LeopoldDeveloped environmental ethics and wildlife management(ecology, biodiversity, sustainability)
    land ethic
    Thinking like a mountain(paper thing)
  10. 10Rachel CarsonWrote Silent spring(DDT =Bad)
    Kicked off the environment movement
    Led to formation of the EPA
  11. 11Jane GoodallPrimatologist
    Animal rights and environment activist
    conservationist
  12. 12eccosystemsa biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
  13. 13ecosystem sevicesprocesses by which life supporting resources are produced
    (production of food and water, regulating climate and disease, supporting crop pollination and cycling nutrients, spiritual and recreational services
  14. 14environmental indicatorsparameters that describe that state of the environment
  15. 155 environmental indicatorsbiological diversity
    food production
    avg. global surfacte temp and CO2 concentrations
    human populaton
    resource depleton
  16. 16biological diversityecosystem diversity
    species diversity
    genetic diversity
  17. 17food productionare we able to grow enough food to support the human population?
  18. 18Avg. Global surface temperature and CO2 ConcentrationsEarth's temperature has been relatively constant for the past 3.5 billion years which has allowed liquid water to exist on this planet, if that changes it's bad
  19. 19Greenhouse gasestrap heat near the surface of Earth
  20. 20human populationour population is increasing alot, and that means we are requiring more resources and it puts strain on the ecosystems we rely on
  21. 21resource depletionwhen we use up resources too fast
  22. 22sustainabilityliving on Earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources
  23. 23ecological footprinta measure of how much a person or country consumes, expressed in an area of land
  24. 24scientific methodobservations, formulate hypothesis, collect data, test by experiment, interpret and revise, conclusions and testing
  25. 25null hypothesispredicts that there is no relationship between tested groups. It is the default statement
  26. 26replicationis repeated measurements
  27. 27sample szethe number of times a measurement is replicated.
  28. 28uncertaintyan estimate of how much a measurement differs from the true value
  29. 29theorieshypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers
  30. 30control grouporiginal thing
  31. 31independent variableswhat the experimenter controls
  32. 32dependent variablesdepend on the independent variable
  33. 33constantsaspects or variables in the experiment that are kept the same across experiments
  34. 34natural experimentwhen a natural event acts as the experimental treatment
  35. 35hectare conversion2.47 acres in 1 hectare
    1 hectare is 100m x 100m
  36. 36mono lakethere was a lake in california, water went in not out, it evaporated to leave. Then people started to use it, and it got all messed up. At the end the government had to pay people to not green lawns, so they could get water back into the lake.
  37. 37matteranything that takes up space and has mass
  38. 38massamount of matter an object contains
  39. 39atomssmallest particles that can contain the chemical properties of an element
  40. 40elementsubstance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into simpler components
  41. 41periodic tablelist of all elements currently known, organized by their properties
  42. 42moleculeparticles that contain more than one atom
  43. 43compoundmolecule that contains more than one kind of element
  44. 44atomic number# of protons in the nucleus of an atom( protons have positive charge)
  45. 45mass numbertotal number of protons and neutrons
  46. 46isotopesatoms of the same element with different numbers and neutrons (some are unstable or radioactive)
  47. 47radioactive decayspontaneous release of material from the nucleus, this changes the element into a different element, emits energy as heat and can be captured, this is how nuclear power plants generate electricity
  48. 48radioactive half lifethe time it takes for 1/2 or the original atom to decay
  49. 49chemical bondsin order to become molecules or compounds, atoms must interact and join with other atoms
  50. 50types of chemical bondscovalent, ionic, hydrogen
  51. 51covalent bondsbond forms wen atoms share electrons
    strong bond!
  52. 52ionic bondschemical bond between two ions of opposite charges, on atom gives an electron to another to balance charges, not as strong as covalent bonds so it can easily be dissolved
  53. 53hydrogen bondsa weak bond that forms when hydrogen is covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule, electrons are shared unequally, giving a slight charge, water is a perfect example:neutral molecule overall but has an uneven charge across molecule
  54. 54polar moleculesone side of the molecule is more positive and the other is more negative
  55. 55waterresponsible for transferring chemical elements and compounds from one system to another
  56. 56surface tensionwater sticks to itself through cohesion and created a film at its surface, also makes water droplets possible
  57. 57capillary actionadhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger then the cohesion between molecules, important to plants, transports underground water and aids n transport of pollutants from one location to another
  58. 58boilinghas high boiling point(100 degrees C), absorbs heat before boiling and turning to gas(oceans getting too hot)
  59. 59freezingbecomes less dense when solid, freezes from top to bottom
  60. 60universal solvetwater is polar, so its charged, it can easily pull apart compounds, allows high amounts of dissolved ions in water, allows organisms to store molecules in their cells, also dissolves toxic compounds and transports them throughout the environment (trash)
  61. 61acidssubstances that contribute hydrogen ions (H+) to a solution
  62. 62basesubstances that contribute hydroxide ions (OH-) to a solution
  63. 63pHpH is neutral, basic solutions are higher than 7, acidic are lower. the scale is a logarithmic, each number on the scale changes by a factor of 10.
  64. 64chemical reactionsoccurs when atoms separate from molecules to recombine with other molecules
  65. 65exothermicreleases energy
  66. 66law of conservation of mattermatter cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form
  67. 67inorganic moleculesdo not contain carbon or a carbon that is attached to a hydrogen
  68. 68organic moleculeshave carbon-carbon bonds or carbon- hydrogen bonds
  69. 694 important organic moleculescarbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
  70. 70carbohydratescomposed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. sugars. provides quick energy
  71. 71proteinschains of nitrogen containing molecules known as amino acids, are critical for structural support, energy storage, internal transport and defense against foreign substances
  72. 72nucleic acidsDNA- genetic material that organisms pass on to offspring.
    RNA- translates the DNA code to make proteins
  73. 73lipidssmall biological molecule that does not mic with water (waxes, fats, steroids)
  74. 74cellssmallest unit of life that consists of all 4 biological molecules and is surrounded by a membrane
  75. 75energythe ability to do work, or transfer heat
  76. 76joulesamount of energy used when 1 watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second
  77. 77powerrate at which work is done
    (energy= power x time)
  78. 78forms of energypotential, kinetic, light, chemical, sound
  79. 79electromagnetic radiationform of light energy that includes visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy
  80. 80photonsmassless packets of energy that travel at the speed of light
  81. 81long waved photonslow energy
  82. 82short waved photonshigh energy
  83. 83potential energyenergy that is stored but has not been released yet
  84. 84chemical energyenergy stored in unbroken chemical bonds
  85. 85kinetic energyenergy of motion
  86. 86temperaturemeasure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.
  87. 87energy covertionenergy is always moving through systems, being converted along the way
  88. 88first law of therodynamicsenergy cannot be destroyed but can change from one form to another
  89. 892nd law of therodynamicswhen energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same but its ability to do work diminishes
  90. 90energy efficiencyratio of amount of energy used in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the systems
  91. 91entropyrandomness in a system (2nd law of thermodyamics)
  92. 92open systemsmatter or energy is exchanged across system boundaries
  93. 93closed systemmatter and energy do not cross boundaries
  94. 94steady statesystem does not change over time (inputs=outputs)
  95. 95negative feedback loopswhen a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or decreasing the rate at which the change is occuring
  96. 96positive feedback loopswhen a change in a system is amplified
  97. 97plasma membraneprotective barrier around a cell
  98. 98nucleusmembrane bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material
  99. 99golgipackages proteins before they exit the cell
  100. 100ribosomessmall organelles that aid in protein production, translate RNA into proteins, found in cytoplasm and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
  101. 101endoplasmic reticulumfolded membranes attached to nucleus
    Rough-studded with ribosomes and produces proteins
    Smooth-produces lipids, metabolizes substances
  102. 102vesiclespackages inside cell used for transport and storage
    (vacuoles, lysosomes)
    tansport-move molecules around cell
  103. 103energy conversionmitochondria (double membrane organelle that produces ATP, many in each cell)
    Chloroplasts (found only in plants and algae, responsible for photosynthesis)
  104. 104primary producersplants and algae, etc. Things that photosynthesis
  105. 105primary consumersherbivores
  106. 106secondary carnivoresthings that eat the primary consumers(herbivores)
  107. 107third level consumersalso called tertiary. the carnivores eating the secondary consumer (things that eat the herbivors)
  108. 108Apex predatorsnothing eats them, Carnivore eating the third level consumer.
  109. 109decomposerseat everything
  110. 110photosynthesisperformed by plants algae and some bacteria. they create oxygen. They get energy from sun.
  111. 111respirationcells unlock energy stored in chemical compounds.
  112. 112aerobicopposite of photosynthesis
  113. 113anaerobicconvert glucose to energy without presence of oxygen. does not produce as much energy as aerobic.
  114. 114Gross primary productivityTotal amount of solar energy produces capture via photosynthesis over period of time
  115. 115net primary productivityenergy captured by producers minus the energy respired by producers
  116. 116biomasseverything that's living
  117. 117standing cropamount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time
  118. 118ecological efficiencythe proportion of energy consumed that can be passed to the next level
  119. 119MacronutrientsNitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium. Magnesium, Sulfur
  120. 120Limited NutrientsNutrient required for growth but less available than other nutrients
  121. 121nitrogen cycleNitrogen fixation
    Nitrification
    Assimilation
    Mineralization
    Denitrification
  122. 122Nitrogen FixationWhen gas is turned into stuff we can use
  123. 123Mineralization/AmmonificationWhen stuff breaks down dead stuff and create ammonium
  124. 124Dentrificationwhere nitrate is converted back into N2 gases that go back into atmosphere
  125. 125Human interaction with nitrogen cycleWe put nitrogen where it shouldn't be
  126. 126Human impacts on phosphorous cycleWe mine it, and it's in fertilizers which can cause algal blooms
  127. 127hypoxicLow oxygen state when decomposers use it all up
  128. 128disturbancean event caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition
  129. 129resistancehow much an ecosystem is affected by a disturbance
  130. 130ResilienceHow quickly an ecosystem cna recover if it is affected
  131. 131Restoration ecologystudying and restoring damaged ecosystems
  132. 132Intermediate disturbance hypothesisneeds disturbance to change/grow
  133. 133layers of the atmospherein going out
    Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
  134. 134troposphereclosest to surface, where weather occurs, contains most of atmosphere's nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor
  135. 135stratosphere2 away from surface, Less dense than troposphere, contains ozone layer, absorbed UV radiation
  136. 136Mesospherewhere meteorites get broken up
  137. 137thermospherehas the northern lights (solar flares0
  138. 138Exospherelast layer, where satellites are
  139. 139albedopercentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface
  140. 140high albedolighter surfaces, more is reflected
  141. 141low albedodarker surfaces, less reflected, more absorbed
  142. 142seasonsdue to tilt of the earth
  143. 143important properties of airDensity, Water vapor capacity, adiabatic heating/cooling, latent heat release
  144. 144Density(air)Warm air rises because it less dense
  145. 145water vapor capacitywarm air holds more water. When air temperature lowers it's saturation point is lowered, and precipitation happens
  146. 146saturation pointmaximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature
  147. 147adiabatic coolingthe process of air temperature changing because pressure
  148. 148adiabatic heatingwhen air sinks toward earth, the pressure increases which decreases the volume of air, heating it up
  149. 149latent heat releaseWhen water vapor turns into liquid, heat is released
  150. 150Atmospheric convention currentshadley cells, Polar cells, Ferrell Cells
  151. 151Hadley cellscycle between equater and 30 degrees both ways. causes areas in it to become dry. 2 rise up at 0 degrees and saturation drops and rain happens.
  152. 152photosynthesis equation6CO2+6H20=> C6H12O6+ 6O2
  153. 153respiration equationC6H12O6+ 6O2 => 6CO2+6H20
  154. 154polar Cellsrise at 60 degrees both and sinks at the poles, 90 degrees both
  155. 155ferrell cellsArea between polar and Hadley. move warm water from tropics away from equator and cold air from poles
  156. 156Coriolis EffectDeflection of an object's path due to the rotation of earth. Causes currents to be circular
  157. 157rain shadowDry region found on leeward side of a mountain as a result of the humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side.
  158. 158Leeward sideDesert
  159. 159Windward sideForest
  160. 160Importance of ocean currentsmove warm and cold water to other places.
    control global climates.
    Affect primary productivity in different ocean regions.
    Climate of adjacent continents.
  161. 161What drives ocean currentsTemperature, Gravity, Prevailing winds, Coriolis Effect, Salinity, Location of continents
  162. 162Large scale water circulationWhen water is warm, it expands
  163. 163Gyrespattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere
  164. 164UpwellingUpward movement of ocean water toward the surface at the result of diverging continents. its brings rich cold water from deep ocean to the surface, it supports large populations of organisms.
  165. 165TCirculation pattern that drives mixing of warm surface water and deep/cold salty watero
  166. 166El nino/ southern oscillationcurrent moves in opposite direction, decreases fish population on coast off South America, Causes cooler and wetter weather in Southeastern US, Causes unusually dry weather in Southeast Asia

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9th grade Environmenal Science Karteikarten am science, erstellt von Hope Memory am 18/08/2018.
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