Karteikarten
Sociology Keywords
Karten in diesem Stapel (74)
- 1NormsThe unwritten rules of behavior that tell us what is appropriate or acceptable in any given situation.
- 2ValuesCommonly held beliefs about what is right and wrong; what is important to achieve in life or what is valuable in society.
- 3StatusSomeone's position in society and the amount of prestige (power and respect) that position gives them.
- 4Ascribed statusYour status in society based on things that you are born with e.g. Gender, ethnicity, family, background etc.
- 5Achieved statusTour position in society that is earned from your efforts of choices e.g. your job, education or material status.
- 6Primary socialisationLearning the basic norms of how to be a member of society e.g. walking, talking, eating.
- 7SocialisationThe process of learning the correct behavior, norms and values in society.
- 8Secondary socialisationThe lifelong process of learning the norms and values of society beginning around the age of 5 and continuing util we die.
- 9SubcultureA smaller culture within a culture, a group of people within a society with their own set of norms and values.
- 10CultureThe whole way of life of a society.
- 11Role.A part you play in society, the set of norms that go with your status. The way you are expected to behave depending on what your status is.
- 12Multiple rolesPlaying more than one roles at time.
- 13Role conflictWhen the demands of one roles clash with the demands of other roles.
- 14ManipulationAdults saying and doing things that encourage children to behave in a way appropriate for their gender, "Daddy's little angle" vs "Brave little soldier". Showing more concern for girls safety.
- 15CanalisationGiving children gender specific toys and other things that are 'normal' for their gender. For example dolls, prams, ironing boards, shopping and cleaning items for girls and soldiers and footballs for boys.
- 16Formal curriculumSubject that are taught, studied and examined in schools e.g. maths
- 17Hidden curriculumThe norms and values that a school teaches children through a day-to-day school life, not part of the formal timetable.
- 18Peer groupsPeople of the same age, or of similar interests.
- 19Peer pressure.Feeling like you have to fit in with the norms and values of a group of people.
- 20IdentitiesWhat makes a person them e.g. hair, personality.
- 21Formal social controlWritten rules and laws enforced by powerful agents of socialisation e.g. Police and courts.
- 22Informal social controlControlling people's behavior using formal methods in everyday situations e.g. arguing, body language
- 23RewardsPositive sanction used to encourage acceptable behavior e.g. stickers, sweets, promotion.
- 24SanctionsNegative sanction, punishments used to prevent unacceptable behavior e.g. arrests, detentions, demotions, warnings.
- 25Social construction of youthThe age of youth is not the same across time and place - social factors affect when youth is, and what the norms of youth are.
- 26TransitionA period of change from on stage to the next.
- 27Rite of passgeInitiation into the next stage of life
- 28Formal agents of social controlAgents that only exist to control society.
- 29Informal agents of social controlAgents that control and influence society, though social control is not their main and only function.
- 30GangA group that has some sort of member ship, hierarchy and is often involved in criminal activity.
- 31OvertA smaple being studied and know their being watched.
- 32CovertSample being studied but doesn't know that they are being watched.
- 33ParticipantAs well as observing the groups behavior, the researcher takes art and tries to act like them.
- 34Non-ParticipantThe researcher watches and records what is happening, but not get involved.
- 35Observer effectThe presence of an observer changes the behavior of the sample being studied, preventing the researcher from seeing natural behavior.
- 36ReliabiltiyThe findings can be easily checked by another researcher by repeating the research.
- 37ValidityThe truthfulness or accuracy of the data. If it is in depth and accurate it is valid.
- 38GeneralisationsWeather you can apply your findings of your research to the whole population.
- 39Protection from harmNo one involved in the research can be involved in any physical or emotional harm. They must not feel uncomfortable, embarrassed or threatened.
- 40Informed consentAll participants taking part in the research have to give their permission to be studies, and they have to understand what they are being asked what they have to do.
- 41ConfidentialityAll information the participants give must be used only for the purpose of the study and not passed on to other people (i.e. not telling the police of crimes)
- 42Anonymitynames, addresses, birthdays etc. of the participant must not be published. their identity has to be kept secret.
- 43Researcher biasA researcher's personal views affect the way they collect and interpret the data.
- 44ExaggerationStretching the truth. The media often does this, but it can happen in research as well when the researcher is trying to explain their findings.
- 45DistortionChanging the reality of how something appears.
- 46SelectionResearchers must choose which parts of their data to publish in their study and which bits to leave out.
- 47CrimeAn act that breaks the criminal law of a society (an illegal act).
- 48DevienceBehavior which does not conform to the norms and values of a society or group. Deviant behavior often provokes disapproval but you can't go to prison unless it is a criminal act.
- 49PatriarchyA society dominated by males where they have more power than women.
- 50Content analysisWhere a researcher looks at a media source and counts how may times a particular thing happens. This allows a researcher to make comparisons.
- 51OperationaliseTo define exactly what is meant by any terms used for categories e.g. politics in GB - Any story that mentions a British political party of politician.
- 52Primary dataInformation the researcher has gathered themselves i.e. observations, interviews, questionnaires, content analysis.
- 53Secondary dataInformation gathered by someone else then used by the researcher.
- 54DeterrenceHarsh punishment to put people of committing crime in the future.
- 55ProtectionKeeping society safe from offenders.
- 56ReformHelping offenders to change their behavior so they don't commit crime in the future.
- 57Punishment/retributionMaking the offender suffer for their actions.
- 58ConformityFollowing the rules/laws/norms e.g. " wearing proper uniform is conforming to school rules. It is an act of conformity. It is a conformist act."
- 59Agents of social controlThe various groups both formal and informal that control our behavior.
- 60ReparationGiving something back to society or the victim to make up for what they have done.
- 61Mass mediaAny form of communication (either written of technological) that could reach a large audience of people e.g. writing a post on Facebook or twitter.
- 62Citizen journalismFilming or photographing events by the public and then sent to the media producers e.g. the BBC.
- 63Digital divideDivide between the rich and poor not all people can afford technology.
- 64ConvergenceThe coming together of different media.
- 65InteractivityAudience participation in the creation of the media.
- 66IntertextualityMedia that is about other media.
- 67GlobalisationThe world is interconnected through the media.
- 68Media baronsRun media for profit by private companies. Money is made by adverts, cost of buying/subscribing e.g. ITV
- 69Public broadcastersNon-profit making companies, paid and owned by the general public (audience). Make money through a TV licence e.g. BBC.
- 70CensorshipRestriction on the freedom of speech (media).
- 71NewsworthinessThe ides that some stories are more worthy of being included in the news.
- 72News valuesCriteria for judging how newsworthy a story is.
- 73SelectionThe choices made in the creation of the media.
- 74BiasThe distortion or partial reporting of reality (deliberately or unintentionally), often to persuade and audience of a particular point of view.
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- Karteikarten am Sociology Keywords, erstellt von HeidiCrosbie am 04/12/2014.
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