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Knowledge
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- 1What is Episodic Memory?Memory of EVENTS:
- reference to oneself
- organised temporally (time)
- recalled consciously
- Susceptible to forgetting
- context dependant - 2What is Semantic Memory?Memory of FACTS:
- reference to knowledge only
- not organised temporally
- events are known
- relatively permanent
- context independant - 3What are some challenges for Episodic - Semantic Distinction?- the interdependence of the systems makes distinction unclear
- difficult to ascertain whether a memory of an important autobiographical event remains episodic or becomes semantic - 4Where does evidence for the Episodic - Semantic Distinction come from?- evidence comes from different pathologies such as Semantic Dementia
- Graham et al. conducted a comparison of SD with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and found poor object naming in SD but not AD - 5What is the neuropathology & symptoms of Semantic Dementia?Neuropathology: non-Alzheimer type degerative pathology and inferolateral temporal cortex with relative sparing of hippocampus in early stages
Symptoms: progressive, selective deterioration in Semantic Memory with reasonably preserved Episodic memory - 6How does knowledge inform language processing?- much more than a store of word meanings/grammar rules
- use knowledge to make inferences
ability to correctly infer underlies language comprehension - 7What are the main types of models of Semantic Memory structure?- Feature Comparison models
- Prototype Models
- Exemplar Models
- Network Models: Hierarchical Nets; Semantic Nets; Adaptive Control of Thought - Rational; Parallel Distributed Processing - 8What are the main concepts behind the Feature Comparison models?- mental representation of objects/categories are stored as lists of defining/characteristic features
Defining feature: possessed by all members of category
Characteristic feature: possessed by most members of a category - 9What is a sentence verification task?- participants presented with a sentence eg. is a carrot a vegetable?
- time taken to verify the sentence measured - 10How do verification tasks support the Feature Comparison model?- if a member of a category has more characteristic/defining features of that category it will be verified faster explained by the typicality effect
- 11What are the limitations of the Feature Comparison model?- few concepts can be reduced to list of defining characteristics
- features are not independant - 12What are the concepts behind the Prototype model?- category membership is not clear cut
- the average of a category is defined rather than its boundaries - 13What is the prototypicality effect?- items which are more representative of a category are verified faster as categories have a graded structure & some member are more prototypical than others
- 14What are the key claims of the Prototype model?1. prototypes differ from non-prototypes
2. objects are categorised at the superordinate, basic and subordinate levels - 15What are some examples of the first key claim of prototype models?1. the examples of a category most often generated are also those rated as most prototypical
2. Semantic priming effect is greater for prototypes
3. prototypes share most features with other category members - 16What is a further explanation of the second key feature of Prototye models?The superordinate level: furniture, animal
The subordinate level: armchair, alsatian
The basic level: chair, dog (used to name objects)
- the basic level shows the largest Semantic priming effects & can distort memory - 17What are some benefits of the Prototype models?- explains empricial findings:
- False alarms: incorrectly assuming you have seen item before made more likely with prototypes
- when asked to list category items prototypes are given first
- Typicality effect for pictures: prototypes identified from images faster than unusual items
- allows "loose" concepts to be created - 18What are some limitations of the Prototype model?- prototypes can change with context
- prototypes "lose" information
- experts have different prototypes - 19How are the Exemplar & Prototype Models related?both involve comparisons between external reality and internally generated "standard"
- 20What are the main concepts of the Exemplar model?- specific examples rather than prototypes drive the Typicality effects
- easier to find specific memories of common objects rather than uncommon ones - 21What are some benefits of the Exemplar model?- does no require abstraction
- preserves information about variability (exemplars can vary) - 22What are some limitations of the Exemplar model?- applies to complex more than simple categories
- infers that we store every single example of a category - 23What are the main features of network models?- a database model as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships
- schema is not restricted by a hierarchy - 24What are the main features of the Hierarchical Nets model?- emphasises the relationship between concepts
- concepts are represented by nodes
- nodes are connected by links
- idea of semantic relatedness - 25What is some support for the Hierarchical Network model?- people are faster to verify information which is specific to one node and not general (eg is canary yellow/has feathers)
- due to less links needin to be made between the nodes to verify the answer - 26What are some limitations of the Hierarchical Network model?- people faster are faster to verify "peacocks have feathers" than "birds have feathers" but this feature is specific to both nodes
- doesn't describe the hierarchy around how features are represented - 27What are the key concepts of the Semantic Nets model?- Semantic information represented by distance between nodes
- spreading activation of nodes
- link streghtn of weight is represented as distance - 28What is some evidence supporting the Semantic Nets model?- priming effects greater for "closer" items
- False memory effects (DRM paradigm): recalling information which has not been perceived due to the Semantic retionship between the words - 29What is the ACT-R model?- theory of all cognition
- declarative memory is a small part which consists of propositions (smallest unit of information that can be declared true/flase)
- the more links are activated the stronger they become
- the number of links that can be supported is limited by the concept - 30What is the fan effect?- the time to make true/false decisions increases with the number of items of information associated
- ACT-R assumes a finite amount of activation so if it is spread thinly the decisions are slow and acquiring new connections is harder - 31What are Parallel Distribution models?- neuron-like nodes connected by links
- concepts are represented by a pattern of activity across nodes
- links have different weights
- processing proceeds in parallel (many patterns of spreading activation may occur at the same time) - 32What are two benefits of Parallel Distribution models?- allows for spontaneous generalisation
- allows for graceful degradation (not modular) - 33What is a schema?generics information about situations/general rules that are typically accurate
- 34What are scripts?structured, ordered sequences of events (can be a prototype/ abstraction)
- 35What evidence is there that schemas distort memory?- experiment where participants spend 35 seconds waiting in an office
- most participants remember desk/chair/shelve etc
- picnic hamper & wine bottle rarely recalled because it is inconsistent with schema (other research suggest we remember schema-inconsistent information)
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- Cognition in Clinical Contexts (Thought) Karteikarten am Knowledge, erstellt von Amy Walker am 12/11/2019.
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- Amy Walker
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