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7.1 - Nervous system

travel_bug Nervous System Englisch 48 Karten

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  1. 1Three basic functions of NERVOUS TISSUE- sensing changes with sensory receptors (fullness of stomach or sun on face)
    - interpreting & remembering those changes
    - reacting to those changes with effectors (muscular contractions & glandular secretions)
  2. 2Ganglia: definitionsmall masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies
  3. 3Ganglia: locationOutside of the brain & spinal cord
  4. 4Enteric plexuses: definitionextensive network of neurons that help regulate the digestive system
  5. 5Enteric plexuses: locationin the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract
  6. 6Sensory receptor: definitionstructure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment
  7. 7somatic nervous system: sensory neuron functionsconvey info to the CNS from:
    1. somatic receptors in the HEAD, BODY WALL, and LIMBS
    2. receptors for the special SENSES of vision, hearing, taste, and smell
  8. 8somatic nervous system: motor neuron functionsconduct impulses from the CNS to the SKELETAL MUSCLES only.
    Can be consciously controlled. The action of this part of the PNS is VOLUNTARY.
  9. 9Autonomic nervous system: Sensory neuron functionsconvey info from autonomic sensory receptors, located primarily in visceral organs such as stomach and lungs, to the CNS
  10. 10Autonomic nervous system: motor neuron functionsconduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
  11. 11What are the 2 branches of the motor part of the ANS?The SYMPATHETIC division and the PARASYMPATHETIC division.
    With a few exceptions, effectors receive nerves from both divisions, and usually the 2 divisions have opposing actions.
    Eg. sympathetic increase heart rate; parasympathetic slow it down.
  12. 12Sensory neurons of the ENS: functionsmonitor chemical changes within the GI tract as well as the stretching of its walls
  13. 13Enteric Nervous System: motor neuron functionsGovern:
    1. contraction of GI tract smooth muscle to propel food through the GI tract
    2. secretions of the GI tract organs such as acid from the stomach
    3. activity of GI tract endocrine cells, which secrete hormones.
  14. 14Peripheral Nervous System PNS: functionConnects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors
  15. 15Explain the electrical excitability of neuronsThe ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential
  16. 16Stimulus: definitionany change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential
  17. 17Action potential (nerve impulse): definitionan electrical signal that travels along the surface of the membrane of a neuron
  18. 18What generates an action potential?The movement of ions such as sodium and potassium between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron
  19. 19Nissl bodies: definitionProminent clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by free ribosomes
  20. 20Ribosomes: functionProtein synthesis
  21. 21Nissl bodies: functionSynthesises proteins which are used:
    - to replace cellular components
    - as material for growth of neurons
    - to regenerate damaged axons in PNS
  22. 22NeurofibrilsBundles of intermediate filaments located in the cytoskeleton that provide the cell shape & support
  23. 23MicrotubulesAssist in moving materials between the cell body and axon
  24. 24LipofuscinA pigment that occurs as clumps of yellowish brown granules in the cytoplasm of aging neurons.
    It is a product of lysosomes.
  25. 25DendritesThe receiving or input portions of a neuron.
    The plasma membranes of dendrites contain numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messengers from other cells.
  26. 26Axon: functionPropagates nerve impulses toward:
    - another neuron
    - a muscle fiber
    - a gland cell
  27. 27Axon hillockCone shaped elevation where the axon joins to the cell body.
  28. 28Initial segmentThe part of the axon closest to the axon hillock.
  29. 29Axon contains:Mitochondria, microtubules & neurofibrils
    Because rough ER is not present, protein synthesis does not occur in axon.
  30. 30SynapseThe site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell
  31. 31Slow axonal transportConveys new axoplasm in one direction only - from cell body towards axon terminals.
    Movement at 1-5mm per day.
  32. 32Fast axonal transportUses proteins that function as "motors" to move organelles & materials along the surfaces of microtubules, in both directions, for use or for recycling.
    Movement is 200-400mm per day
  33. 33Fast axonal transport & diseaseHarmful agents such as tetanus toxin and the viruses that cause rabies, herpes & polio, all enter the neuron at the axon terminal and are moved to the cell body via fast axonal transport.
    More serious if wound is in head or neck due to shorter transit time.
  34. 34Unipolar neurons: development- Begin in the embryo as bipolar
    - During development, the dendrites & axon fuse together & become a single process
  35. 35Unipolar neurons: Dendrites function- sensory receptors that detect a sensory stimulus such as a touch, pressure, pain or thermal stimuli
  36. 36Unipolar neurons: cell body locationIn the ganglia of spinal & cranial nerves
  37. 37Sensory (afferent) neuronsTransport sensory info from skin, muscles, joints, sense organs & viscera to the CNS
  38. 38Motor (efferent) neuronsSend motor nerve impulses AWAY from the CNS, to muscles & glands in the PNS, via cranial or spinal nerves
  39. 39Interneurons (association neurons)Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the CNS
    - make up 90% of neurons in body
  40. 40Myelination: definitionWhen axons are surrounded by a multilayered lipid & protein covering (myelin sheath)
  41. 41Myelination: functionThe sheath electrically insulates the axon & increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
  42. 42Neurolemma: locationFound only around axons in the PNS
  43. 43Neurolemma: functionWhen an axon is injured, the neurolemma aids regeneration by forming a regeneration tube that guides & stimulates regrowth of the axon
  44. 44Location of cytoplasm & nucleus in schwann cellsForms outermost layer of neurolemma
    (inner portion being the myelin sheath)
  45. 45Gray matter contains...- nerve cell bodies
    - dendrites
    - axon terminals
    - unmyelinated axons
    - neuroglia
  46. 46White matter contains...Myelinated processes (white in colour)
  47. 47Gray matter locations- H shaped inner core in the spinal cord, surrounded by white matter
    - thin outer shell covers the surface of the brain & also found in clusters called nuclei inside the CNS
  48. 48White matter locations- surrounds a H shaped inner core of gray matter in the spinal cord
    - inner core of the brain, surrounded by gray matter

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Beschreibung
Nervous System Karteikarten am 7.1 - Nervous system, erstellt von travel_bug am 17/09/2013.
Erstellt von
travel_bug · Sep 2013
Aktualisiert
24 Dez 2016
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