Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera

1. All members of Monera are prokaryotes

   • Meaning they do not have a membrane-bound organells

2. Structure of Bacteria

   • Capsule is a dry layer and acts as an extra layer of protection
   • Cell wall protects and prevents the cell from expanding and bursting
   • Flagellum allows the cell to move or swim
   • Cell membrane retains the cell contents and controls what passes in and out of cell
   • Plasmid is a small loop of DNA that contains genes (which may cintrol antibiotic resistance)
   • DNA contains genes that control the cell
   • DOES NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS

3. Types of Bacteria

   • Spherical-shaped
   • Spiral-shaped
   • Rod-shaped

4. Bacterial Reproduction

   • Bacterial reproduction is asexual
   • Binary Fission
     • The loop of DNA replicates
       • The cell increases in size
         • The two identical loops of DNA move to opposite ends of the cell
           • Cell division occurs when the cell membrane and cell wall pinch in

5. Endospore formation

   • An endospore is a thick and tough-walled dormant and dehydrated bacterial cell formed during unsuitable conditions
   • Process of endospore formation
     • Conditions become unfavourable for bacterium
       • Cell undergoes asymmetrical binary fission (one cell is larger than the other)
         • The smaller cell is engulfed by larger cell
           • A thick wall (cortex) forms around enflufed cell
             • Outer coat forms around the cortex

6. Nutrition in Bacteria

   • Autotrophic nutrition is where the bacteria produce their own food
     • Chemosynthesis
       • make food by converting one chemical into another
     • Photosynthesis
       • make food using light energy
   • Heterotrophic nutrition is where bacteria obtain their food and nutrients from other living organisms
     • Saprophytic
       • live on and take in food from dead sources
     • Parasitic
       • take in food from a live host and usually harms the host

7. Food Processing

   • Batch Processing
     • Only a measured amount of nutrients are added
     • Bacteria act on substrate and experiences lag,log and stationary phases
     • Generally product is removed before decline phase
     • Advantages
       • It's a simple process
       • It allows small volumes of products to form
       • The micro-organisms grow naturally
     • Bioreactor is sterilised and process starts again
     • Product is separated from micro-organisms
   • Continuous -flow Processing
     • Nutrients are constantly added to the bioreactor at the same rate at which the product is withdrawn
     • Micro-organisms are kept at the log phase of growth
     • Product is constantly removed from the bioreactor
     • Advantages
       • No time is wasted
       • No need to sterilise bioreactor so often
       • Product formed more rapidly
     • Bioreactor is left open for inflow of nutrients and outflow of product

8. Antibiotics

   • are chemicals produced by micro-organisms that kill or prevent the growth of other micro-organisms
   • No effect on viruses
   • Overuse of Antibiotics
     • Antibiotic Resistance
       • When one bacterium develops a mutation that enables it to avoid effects of an antibiotic
         • This one resistant bacterium is then able to multiply

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