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models of memory
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- 1multi store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968)data > sensory > STM (attention) > maintained in STM (maintenance rehearsal) > or > LTM (elaborative rehearsal)
LTM is lost through interference
STM is lost through displacement - 2strengths or the multi store model atkinson and shiffrin 1968-evidence for primacy and recency effects. primary is LTM because the participant has time to rehearse it (acoustically) and recency is STM which typically holds 7 items
(Murdock 1962)
-The model is influential as it has generated a lot of research into memory.
-The model is supported by studies of amnesiacs: For example the HM case study. HM is still alive but has marked problems in long-term memory after brain surgery. He has remembered little of personal (death of mother and father) or public events ( Watergate , Vietnam War) that have occurred over the last 45 years. However his short-term memory remains intact. but he cant create new memories - 3Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)One group recalled the words immediately after presentation, while the other group recalled the words after waiting 30 seconds. These participants had to count backwards in threes (the Brown-Peterson technique), which prevented rehearsal and caused the recency effect to disappear. Both groups could free recall the words in any order.
Results
The words at the end of the list are only remembered if recalled first and tested immediately. Delaying recall by 30 seconds prevented the recency effect. - 4weaknesses of the multi store model atkinson and shiffrin 1968-The model is oversimplified, in particular when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion.
-the STM is more complictaed than the model describes (working memory model)
-for LTM, things like remembering how to play a computer game, rules of subtraction and remembering what we did yesterday didn't have to be rehearsed and its likely that they are all stored in different components of the LTM like procedural, episodic and semantic - 5Sensory MemoryDuration: ¼ to ½ second
Capacity: all sensory experience (v. larger capacity)
Encoding: sense specific (e.g. different stores for each sense) - 6Short Term MemoryDuration: 0-18 seconds
Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
Encoding: mainly auditory - 7Long Term MemoryDuration: Unlimited
Capacity: Unlimited
Encoding: Mainly Semantic (but can be visual and auditory) - 8STM studies-miller 1956
stated that the STM can hold 7 plus or minus 2 items
-Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971).
The duration of short term memory seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds - 9peterson and peterson 195924 participants (psychology students) had to recall trigrams e.g. TGH). To prevent rehearsal participants were asked to count backwards in threes or fours from a specified random number until they saw a red light appear. This is known as the brown peterson technique.
Participants were asked to recall trigrams after intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds.
Findings: The longer the interval delay the less trigrams were recalled. Participants were able to recall 80% of trigrams after a 3 seconds delay. However, after 18 seconds less than 10% of trigrams were recalled correctly. - 10LTM studies-Bahrick et al (1975)
1.investigated what they called very long term memory (VLTM).
2.Nearly 400 participants aged 17 – 74
3.three tests: A free recall: tried to remember names of people in a graduate class. A photo recognition test: consisting of 50 pictures. A name recognition test for ex-school friends.
results: participants who were tested within 15 years of graduation were about 90% accurate in identifying names and faces. After 48 years they were accurate 80% for verbal and 70% visual. Free recall was worse. After 15 years it was 60% and after 48 years it was 30% accurate.
Tulving 1972
- procedural: knowing how to do things, like motor skills
semantic: storing information about the world, knowledge about the meaning of words and general info
episodic: storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in out lives. - 11the working memory model baddeley & hitch 1974
- 12central executive-It is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the slave systems and relates them to the LTM
-The central executive decides which information is attended to and which parts of the working memory to send that information to be dealt with. - 13the phonological loopphonological store
-acts as an inner ear and holds information in speech-based form (i.e. spoken words) for 1-2 seconds. Spoken words enter the store directly. Written words must first be converted into an articulatory (spoken) code before they can enter the phonological store.
articulatory control process
- acts like an inner voice rehearsing information from the phonological store. It circulates information round and round like a tape loop. This is how we remember a telephone number we have just heard - 14The Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad-(inner eye) deals with visual and spatial information.
-It is likely that the visuo-spatial sketch pad plays an important role in helping us keep track of where we are in relation to other objects as we move through our environment (Baddeley, 1997). - 15episodic buffer baddeley 2000The episodic buffer is the third member of these slave systems which is a temporary store and is theorized to integrate the other functions, with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie. This theory is used to explain why memories can be experienced as a coordinated sequence of events rather than as discrete segments
- 16strengths of the working memory model-gives a better account of STM
-The KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory. KF's impairment was mainly for verbal information - his memory for visual information was largely unaffected. This shows that there are separate STM components for visual information (VSS) and verbal information (phonological loop).
-Working memory is supported by dual task studies (Baddeley and Hitch, 1976).
- phonological loop plays a key role in the development of reading, and working
memory capacity might be used as a measure of suitability for certain jobs - 17weaknesses of the working memory model- little is known about how the central executive works or evidence from brain studies suggesting the central executive is not unitary. and the capacity has never been measured
-the link between WM and LTM is not fully explained, so it is not a comprehensive model of memory
-Lieberman (1980) criticizes the working memory model as the visuo-spatial sketch pad (VSS) implies that all spatial information was first visual (they are linked). However, Lieberman points out that blind people have excellent spatial awareness although they have never had any visual information - 18improving ewt: the cognitive interviewstep 1: mentally reinstatement, asking them about their general activities and feelings on the day. This could include sights, sounds, feelings and emotions, the weather
step 2: changing the perspective, what they think other witnesses or even the criminal saw
step 3: changing the order, witnesses encouraged to work backwards
step 4: report everything, even unimportant details - 19fisher & geiselman: testing the cognitive interviewThe average number of correctly recalled facts for the cognitive interview was 41.2, for hypnosis it was 38.0 and for the standard interview it was 29.4
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- psychology 1 Karteikarten am models of memory , erstellt von 09vvishka am 19/04/2015.
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