Karteikarten
mistakes
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1buzzwordsusing fashionable or otherwise 'hot' words/phrases that are loaded with rhetorical power due to their rich secondary connotation (e.g. 'change')
- 2expressive epithetsterms used to refer to some person/group/other entity that characterise the entity referred to for rhetorical purpose (e.g. 'crooked hillary')
- 3abductive argumentstarts with an observation/set of observations and then seeks to find the simplest and most likely conclusion from the observations
- 4red herringinferring conclusion from a premise that is strictly irrelevant to it, but in a way that has the potential to fool the audience into accepting the inference (e.g. trump's case)
- 5straw targetwhen an arguer ignores the opponent's real position on an issue and sets up a weaker version of that position by misrepresentation, exaggeration, distortion or simplification
- 6epistemic fallacywrongly concluding that if someone believes that P, then they must also believe that Q (on the grounds that P and Q are about the same entity)
- 7pragmatic reasoning schemasgeneralised sets of rules that are defined in relation to goals (e.g. 'if the action is to be taken, then the precondition must be satisfied')
- 82 types of rationalitydescription invariance + procedure invariance
- 93 types of categorical level of measurement1. binary (two options)
2. nominal (more than two options)
3. ordinal (multiple options in order) - 10binomial distributiondiscrete probability distribution, thus values are NOT continuous (bars instead of lines)
- 113 benchmarks of rationality1. logical benchmark (consistency of belief)
2. probabilistic benchmark (consistency of degrees of belief)
3. rational decision benchmark (consistency of preference and choice) - 12logical benchmarkmaking deductively valid inferences (premises are consistent with the conclusion)
- 13probabilistic benchmarkupdating belief in accordance with the rules of probability. the extent of belief has to be consistent with the probability of the conclusion.
- 14rational decision benchmarkdeciding in a manner than maximises expected utility
- 15degree of rational expectationthe degree to which you're entitled to believe something, given the evidence you have
- 163 principles of argument reconstruction1. charity
2. parsimony (make the argument as simple as possible)
3. completeness (check if everything is connection - the premises to each other and to the conclusion) - 17conditional proof meaningproof for 'if A then C', which is 'if A then B, if B then C'
- 18contrapositiona conditional statement is true if and only if the contrapositive is true ('if P then Q, not-Q, so not-P')
- 19homogeneity of the variance meaning + name of testwhether the variance in both groups are equal or significantly different + levees test (lower than 0.05 = not equal)
- 20definition of substantive/informal fallaciesunsound arguments that make an inappropriate connection, based on a very common but unjustified assumption
(e.g. majority belief, perfectionist fallacy, weak analogy, causal, epistemic, etc.) - 21meaning of 'misleading argumentation techniques'misleading arguments which might be both valid/forceful and sound
(e.g. equivocation, red herring, false dilemma, absolute vs. relative difference, slippery slope)
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- SSR Karteikarten am mistakes, erstellt von Sabine - am 23/09/2020.
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