Karteikarten
Module 17
Karten in diesem Stapel (16)
- 1EXPLAIN MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTORS?ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED(ATX):
- introduced in 1995
- standard motherboard size (12-inch high x 9.6 inch wide/across, fits in any ATX case)
- Connexions in the top left corner were external Connections, beige middles square is the processor, & the purple slots on the right were your memory( this also lined up with the fan output from your power supply, providing additional cooling across the CPU & the memory
- allows a full-length expansion card to be plugged into expansion bus sockets( sockets in the lower-left portion)
mATX:
-designed to work in standard ATX cases(but were large, so favored smaller mATX which is a micro ATX - 9.6 X 9.6, for smaller cases)
- smaller design requires tradeoffs including a lower quantity of memory slots, expansion slots & integrated components.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED(ITX):
- developed by VIA(a chipset manufacturer)
- not a single motherboard specification but a family of motherboards that has different iterations - Mini-ITX(6.7x6.7), Nano- ITX(4.7x4.7), Pico-ITX(3.9x2.8), Mobile-ITX(2.4x2.4) mainly for smaller & function specific devices - 2EXPLAIN MOTHERBOARD CONNECTION TYPES(PCI/PCIE/RISER CARDS?MOTHERBOARD CONNECTIONS YOU MAY FIND:
- computers required expansion slots for extra capabilities(installing a video card, a sound card, a modem, or a network card)
PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT(PCI):
- most modern motherboards contain 32-bit PCI slots(superseded by newer implementations)
- typically white in color & approx. 3 inches long
- PCI slots & adapters(cards installed into slots) are manufactured in 2 versions(3.3Volt & 5V)
PCI-EXTENDED(PCIE):
- designed to replace both accelerated graphics port(AGP) & PCI. Meant to have a single implementation for all of your cards
-Had 4 major versions(1.x, 2.x, 3.0, 4.0) for different sizes, As long as it fits into the slot, it would work.
RISER CARDS:
- just helps overcome space limitations inside a PC(desktop systems in corporate environments use the smaller layout, micro ATX, which laid flat at 3inches deep). Hence standard expansion card was too tall.
- riser card allows the orientation of expansion cards to be changed(can be installed horizontally). Specification of riser card was the same as slots
- Supports 4 card per slot - 3EXPLAIN MOTHERBOARD CONNECTION TYPES? (SOCKETS/IDE/SATA/OTHER CONNECTORS)?SOCKETS
- in most cases refers to the CPU
- arrangement of several columns & rows of holes or pins(that allow the pins of the chip to sit in & make contact -square shape)
- mechanisms exist to reduce the force required to install the processor(referred to as a zero insertion force-ZIF socket)
INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS(IDE) & SERIAL ATA(SATA)
- both for your hard drives and CD-ROMs(IDE succeded by SATA)
- for IDE you see a section with just pins up from the motherboard, probably surrounded by a plastic edge or border(insert IDE cable onto those pins & then attach drives to the other end, usually 2 IDE Connections IDE 0 & 1 or 1 & 2 or primary & secondary)
- for SATA, could have several maybe even 8 connections, physically smaller & easier to connect as weren't really any pins
OTHER CONNECTORS:
- for power supply to the front panel connector(audio, power button, power light, USB, reset switch, drive activity lights)
- so these pins were on the motherboard & then you had little black plastic caps that simply sat over those pins, providing power to connectors at the front panel - 4EXPLAIN BIOS/UEFI SETTINGS?BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM(BIOS):
- 1 of the most important chips on the motherboard(referred to as the ROM(read-only memory) BIOS chip. ROM as instructions of the BIOS is written into this chip when manufactured)
- contains basic system software that allows systems to be booted & for operating systems to interact with hardware
- is most basic components, it's how to interact with the processor, the memory & the storage of your system. The components you can't work without
-refers to the physical chip & the programming of the chip but is also used in the context of a configuration interface(when you boot your computer, BIOS-based systems allow for some keystroke combination to be pressed that opens a configuration interface where users can configure based on the configuration of the system itself(number of hard drives present, type & configurations of those drives, speed of processor, clock time)
- succeeded by the unified extensible firmware interface (UEFA) - just the next version of BIOS-based systems as supports mouse & can access network card(for updates to system at low level) - 5EXPLAIN BIOS/UEFI SETTINGS(POWER-ON SELF-TEST/FIRMWARE UPDATES)?POWER-ON SELF-TEST(POST):
- within the BIOS chip there is a pre-programmed routine known as POST(power-on self-test)
- this is a diagnostic testing sequence run by the BIOS to ensure the hardware is working correctly(keyboard, RAM, disc drives, other hard drives)
- POST is run every single time the computer boots, should anything fail it will report an error
FIRMWARE UPDATES:
- manufacturers often release BIOS firmware updates(allow BIOS to be rewritten to support larger or more hard drives or just new configuration options
- updates or performed by flashing the BIOS chip(the process of downloading a file into some kind of media(USB), & then booting from that device to update the chip, replacing the old BIOS with a new one
- BIOS updates were computer specific, so it had to be for the exact make and model of the BIOS. If you flash the BIOS with the wrong update, it may seriously damage the system to being unusable.
- UEFI is more user-friendly as it can access your network card. It can actually contact the website or the manufacturer & download the updates when appropriate(safer) - 6EXPLAIN BIOS SECURITY(TPM)?- usually is also an interface that you can get into with BIOS, so you can configure the system to a degree
- hence there's a security option where you can password protect the BIOS to prevent unauthorized users from making changes
- may find a set supervisor password(ensures a password is required to enter the BIOS)
- may find a set user password(allows different passwords to be assigned to users), users may only make simple changes or only be able to see the configurations
TRUSTED PLATFORM MODULE(TPM):
- TPM adds cryptographic functions that can be used to encrypt and decrypt data
- stores encryption keys in a specialized chip(use these keys to protect the data that is on that system)
- TPM chips can be used with all major operating systems
- TPM is not as safe when using some kind of software to implement encryption in comparison to built-in safety methods(as it would be easier for an intruder to circumvent) - 7EXPLAIN BIOS SECURITY(LoJack)?LoJack
- a software feature which is an anti-theft security package that is embedded into the BIOS
- allows devices to be electronically tracked
-LoJack is well known for recovering stolen automobiles, but it has been implemented in certain computing devices. so if there, you can enable this and sign up with the service so the device can be tracked if stolen
- have been vulnerabilities where it's possible for an intruder to circumvent this & take control of the system
SECURE BOOT:
- a feature that ensures PCs boot using only a trusted firmware configuration(when computers boot there's a little bit of code that starts the boot process & ensures it goes through the boot correctly. With secure boot, that code is digitally signed & marked as trusted; if anyone attempts to tamper with it, the digital signature invalidates & knows that this code essentially has been compromised)
- can be enabled or disabled through the BIOS
- secure boot my require being disabled in order to run(pc graphics cards, hardware & operating systems such as Linux) - 8EXPLAIN CMOS BATTERIES?COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR(CMOS):
- stores the BIOS setting without the computer needing to be turned on or even plugged(so this supplies power so the settings can be saved)
- CMOS includes a CMOS battery that resides on the motherboard inside the computer
- battery comes in various shapes and sizes but typically non-rechargeable lithium
- Standard lifetime of approximately 10 years
- BIOS settings it stores notably include: date, time, memory, CPU settings, boot sequence, power management, security(password)
- there are always default configurations for the BIOS even if the battery dies completely, but the settings YOU entered will be lost
REPLACING THE BATTERY:
1. Remove old battery(simply remove the battery using your fingers or a small screwdriver. certain motherboards are quick with clips to hold the battery in place)
2. insert the new battery
3. re-enter CMOS values(once the new battery is inserted, turn on the computer and reset the CMOS values)
4. Maybe a backup battery so you can change it without losing any values - 9EXPLAIN CPU: SINGLE CORE VS MULTICORE?CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT: SINGLE CORE:
- refers to a microprocessor with a single-core
- capable of running a single thread(which is a set of instructions) at one time
- superseded by multi-core processors(can operate on multiple tasks at the same time)
DUAL-CORE
- design to increase performance
- manufacturers add additional processing cores inside of the chip
- can truly operate at multiple tasks at the same time
- dual-core CPUs contain two central processing units(appears to the operating system as two separate CPUs)
MULTIPLE CORES:
- multi-core CPUs can run as many different processes as there are cores, at the same time(e.g. quad-core=4 CPUs in physical chip or eight-core=8 CPUs in one chip)
- this is an advantage as it helps speed up overall system performance - 10EXPLAIN CPU FEATURES(HYPER-THREADING VS MULTIPROCESSOR)?HYPER-THREADING:
- referred to as simultaneous multithreading(SMT)
- physical CPU cores or split into virtual cores(virtual cores appear to the operating system as separate logical processing cores - (thread = set of instructions) takes advantage of idle cycles for thread 1 to work on thread 2, ultimately working more efficiently on both
- so each physical core processes 2 threads at the same time
- operating system sees twice the number of logical cores as physical cores(4 cores in 1 chip = 8 logical cores)
MULTIPROCESSOR VS HYPER THREADING:
- both help to improve the overall performance & efficiency
- multiprocessor is 2 separate processing cores with the architectural state being monitored so you can process 2 threads simultaneously
-hyper-threading is just the logical coupling of 2 threads processed at the same time(not as good)
HYPER-THREADING ADVANTAGES:
- improved overall system performance(as taking advantage of idle cycles)
- improved throughput
- improved reaction & response time
- increased thread-level parallelism(30% better than a processor that is not hyper-threading) - 11EXPLAIN CPU FEATURES(OVERCLOCKING & GPU)?OVERCLOCKING:
- a feature in order processers
- CPUs can be configured to run at speeds higher than their official speed grade(not recommended as can avoid warranty & can potentially damage CPU, motherboard, or system components, as it gets too hot)
INTEGRATED GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT(GPU):
- every laptop is equipped with an integrated GPU(as a laptop always has its screen built-in)
- GPUs are embedded on the same die as the processor(laptops need to have this built-in graphics processing, but if it's a very high-end or a gaming type of system, you really need an enhanced GPU(so its dedicated to handling the graphics capabilities that most integrated chips just don't handle)) - 12EXPLAIN CPU COMPATIBILITY: AMD & INTEL?ADVANCED MICRO DYNAMICS(AMD) & INTEL are 2 popular manufacturers of microprocessors
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES(AMD):
- popular in the game & hobbyist markets
- generally less expensive than Intel processors
- uses different socket types than Intel(but motherboard manufacturers often offer two comparable motherboards, 1 Intel & 1 AMD(but you have to make sure they match up)
AMD PROS = cheaper than Intel, superior from a graphic performance standpoint, detects malware, better handling of 64-bit applications
AMD CONS = expels more heat than Intel, considered slower than Intel processors
INTEL CORPORATION:
- world's largest manufacturer of PC microprocessors
- inventor of the X86 series of microprocessors found in most modern Intel processors in computers now(includes the 286, 386 & 486 which evolved into the Pentium)
INTEL PROS = performance, compatibility(used with a wide range of motherboards), less heat(can be used in enclosed spaces - laptops rack-mount servers)
INTEL CONs = Generally cost more than other processor types, power consumption(can increase company operating costs) - 13EXPLAIN COOLING MECHANISMS(HEAT SINK & WATER-BASED MICROPROCESSOR COOLERS)?HEAT SINK:
- device used to cool system components such as CPU
- incorporates either a fan/radiator or other means to reduce heat(as they are at risk of overheating, which could damage the entire computer system)
- two types of heatsink an active & a passive
ACTIVE - utilizes the computer's power supply and a fan(often referred to as heatsink and fan(HSF)), there are also active liquid cooling systems
PASSIVE - no mechanical components(so 100% reliable, is usually just a big radiator), dissipates heat through convection, requires steady airflow to remove heat from radiator
WATER-BASED MICROPROCESSOR COOLERS:
- liquid-based cooling system
- water is circulated throughout the system to cool and carry heat away from the processor
- found in demanding systems such as gaming computers
- components include water reservoir tank, water pump, condenser coil radiator(dissipates heat over more surface area) & CPU cooling block(lets water run through a unit that literally attaches to the CPU - 14EXPLAIN COOLING MECHANISMS(HEAT SINK & WATER-BASED MICROPROCESSOR COOLERS)?REFRIGERATED COOLING SYSTEM:
- more advanced liquid-based cooling system
- components include: evaporator, condenser, compressor, flow control/expansion device, insulated tubing
THERMAL PASTE:
- high heat conductive paste that produces better heat conduction between components(fills in any gaps to make sure there is as close to as possible 100% connection between the 2
- helps to ensure that the heat transfer from the processor to the heatsink as effectively as possible - 15EXPLAIN EXPANSION CARDS(VIDEO CARDS/SOUND CARDS/NIC CARDS)?EXPANSION CARDS:
- expand the capabilities of your computer, functionality these days is available as a default built into the motherboard, so no need for expansion cards as functionality is already available(not good if you want a dedicated system though)
VIDEO CARDS:
- used to connect to the motherboard using expansion slots
- connects using PCIe(PCI express - most common), or AGP(accelerated graphics port, brown in color), or PCI (white in color)
- back indicates it's a video card with the different types of video output(DVI, VGA, S-video, HDMI)
- card itself has additional process, memory & cooling to enhance the video over what's included with the motherboard
SOUND CARDS:
- expansion card used to produce better quality sound than built-in sounds on a computer(sound is heard using speakers or headphones through a jack)
- connects using PCle or PCI cards
NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS(NIC)
- responsible for connecting a computer to a network
- each network card has a unique hardware address burned into the card( address is also referred to as mac address)
- fine without expansion card - 16EXPLAIN EXPANSION CARDS(USB CARDS/eSATA)?USB EXPANSION CARDS:
- provides additional USB connections to a PC
- allows for additional USB interfaces to the system(up to 4 interfaces using a single expansion slot)
EXTERNAL SERIAL ATA(eSATA):
- enables interface for plugging in eSATA drives(connects SATA internal or external devices to a host computer
- cost-effective way for connecting additional high-speed storage(e.g. SSD drive)
- not a common expansion card
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Learning Technology Specialist CompTIA A+ (Core 1) Karteikarten am Module 17, erstellt von Chantelle Knight am 13/09/2021.
- Erstellt von
- Chantelle Knight
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- 3
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