Karteikarten
Biofuels Final
Karten in diesem Stapel (36)
- 1Bulk DensityAspect of biomass characterization that determines how far a feedstock can economically travel
- 2Ideal carbon:nitrogen ratio30:1
- 3Ethanol was manufactured to replace what carcinogenic fuel additive?MTBE
- 4Life cycle analysisLooks at all aspects of biofuel production
- 5Methane has how many times the global warming potential of CO2?21
- 6StarchPolymer of glucose molecules, most abundant form of food reserves in plants
- 7PyrolysisThermal decomposition of carbon based materials in the absence of oxygen
- 8Carbon neutralMeans the fuel produced is offsetting the amount of carbon it releases somehow. Net carbon emissions are zero. Carbon sequestration.
- 94 strokes in the otto cycle internal combustion engineIntake-fuel is injected into cylinder
Compression-fuel is compressed
Combustion-fuel is sparked/ignited
Exhaust-products of combustion are released to make room for more fuel - 10Chemical reaction for complete combustion of methaneCH4 + 2O2 ----> CO2 + 2H2O
- 114 steps in combustionDrying, pyrolysis, gas combustion, solid combustion
- 12Ratios of principle components of biogas/landfill gas & how to refine50% methane, 50% CO2, trace amounts of H2S. To get rid of CO2, bubble through solution of lime. To get rid of H2S, iron filings or steel wool
- 13Second generation biofuelsFeedstocks that aren't food crops. Includes nonfood crops (switchgrass) and waste streams (animal manure, MSW). Major obstacles to implementation include lack of available farm land and infrastructure
- 14Know how to sketch a simple anaerobic digester!Duh
- 15Know how to sketch a simple batch biochar makerDuh
- 16Motivation for biofuels on a global perspectiveUS-decrease foreign oil dependency
Europe-environment
lesser income countries-economic development - 17Indirect land use changeCrop starts being sued for fuel, increases in value. Price increases affect consumers. More people want to grow it, so more farmland gets used for it. Food vs fuel.
- 1810% in 10 year biofuel production goal: What are some strategies?Marginal land for switchgrass,
Pig manure as feedstock for black soldier fly larvae - 19Food vs fuel debateWon't have enough crops to feed everyone
(but US grows so much, that's really not an issue)
Food prices will go up - 20Biodiesel recipe1. Collect, process, and heat oil.
2. Measure 1 part methanol to 5 parts oil.
3. Measure lye (NaOH or KOH), 9 g per liter, and mix methoxide (catalyst).
4. Mix oil and methoxide together for 1 hour.
5. Settle, then drain glycerin. - 21ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials
- 22Examples of ASTM quality testsFlash point, water & sediment, kinematic viscosity, sulfated ash, sulfur, copper strip corrosion, cetane number, cloud point, carbon residue, acid number, free glycerin, total glycerin, phosphorus content, distillation temperature
- 233/27 testAdd 3mL biodiesel to 27mL methanol (1:9 ratio). Should dissolve completely, if not, incomplete reaction likely
- 24Water testAdd 50% water. Note separation, clarity, clouding. Indicates residual materials
- 25PHLIP testQualitative test with color chart to indicate residual soaps, glycerin, water, and other contaminants
- 26Total glycerinLevels >0.24% indicates incomplete reaction. If fuel fails this spec, nothing else matters.
- 27Safety concerns in biodiesel processing: potential hazardsFire, chemical exposure, spills, explosion
- 28Safety concerns in biodiesel processing: PPEGloves, goggles, ventilation, acid for neutralization (vinegar)
- 29Safety concerns in biodiesel processing: additional safety measuresFire extinguisher, secondary containment, sealed vessels, respirators, explosion proof motors, pumps rated for volatile materials, grounding
- 30Energy balance (AKA Energy Return on Energy Invested, EROEI)An indication of the energy efficiency of a process, expressed as a ration (fuel product energy: input energy).
- 31LCA factors of biodieselAgriculture (work on fields, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, harvest, emissions from fields), conversion (transport, storage, transport to mill, recovery & refining of oil, tranesterification), use (final transport & combustion).
- 32SaponificationProcess of making glycerol & soap.
Fat + sodium hydroxide ----> glycerol + crude soap - 33Ethanol history and developmentModel A ran ethanol. Rockefeller funded prohibition to have gasoline as the only fuel. Otto invented 4-stroke engine in 1872, engines ran on alcohol b/c there was no gasoline. FlexFuel & E85 (USA). It's everywhere in Brazil!
- 34Primary feedstocks by countryBrazil-sugarcane
USA-corn - 35Energy densityEthanol's energy density is lower than gasoline. 1 gal ethanol=75,500 Btus, 1 gal gasoline=110,000 Btus. However, increased octane of ethanol improves combustion efficiency
- 36Production stepsMashing, fermentation, distillation
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- Karteikarten am Biofuels Final, erstellt von Shea Poage am 10/12/2015.
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- Shea Poage
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