Karteikarten
Chapter 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (78)
- 1Describe the term input?Taking information that is external to the system and entering it into the system
- 2Describe the term processing?An action performed on the data
e.g. sorting/searching/performing calculations - 3Describe the term storage:This is where data is held either as the data hes been input or processing is required or the results of processing
- 4Describe the term output?taking information that was in the system and outputting it
- 5Illustrate the relationship between ICT systems:input->processing->output
^\ /
Storage
Feedback - 6Describe the term feedback:Where the output from the system forms part of the input to the system
- 7What is a turnaround document?A document that has gone through the system and is output, it is printed by the computer then additional data is recorded on the document and this is then input into the system at a later date
- 8What is the definition of dataData is raw facts and figures before they have been processed
- 9What are the characteristics of data?Alphanumeric characters/Sound/Graphics/Raw facts/No meaning
- 10What is the definition of information?Data which has been processed to give meaning
Data+[Structure]+[Context]+Meaning - 11Define knowledge:The application of information to a situation
- 12Define meaning:Data in the correct structure and placed within the context
- 13Show how data can be converted into information:Data:31 32 34 32 31
Structure: Numbers
Context: Celsius
Meaning: Temperature over five days in Spain - 14What is meant by structure?How the data is presented
- 15What is meant by context?An environment where are prior knowledge and understanding can make sense of the data
- 16What are the main representation methods:Text/Graphics/Sound/Moving Pictures (Animation or Video)/LED
- 17What are the advantages of using text to convey information?Clear to understand
Lots of detail - 18What are the disadvantages of using text to convey information?Need to be able to read
Need to understand the language
Can be confusing
Lots of text cannot be read quickly - 19What are the advantages of using graphics to convey information?Multilingual - don't need language to understand the image
- 20What are the disadvantages of using graphics to convey information?Can be confusing if you don't know the symbols
Some symbols don't mean the same thing in different countries - 21What are the advantages of using sound to convey information?No fixed position
No line of sight required
Good for visually impaired people - 22What are the disadvantages of using sound to convey information?No good in large areas
Usually language based
May not recognise the sound
Need to be able to hear - 23What are the advantages of using animation to convey information?Lots of information conveyed
Not language dependent
Can exemplify text - 24What are the disadvantages of using animation to convey information?Linear - if you do not see the beginning you may not understand
Problems if sound is attached - 25What are the advantages of using LED to convey information?Can allow data to be kept secure
Can be used in noisy places
Similar to graphics - 26What are the disadvantages of using LED to convey information?Need to be able to see the lights
Combination of lights may need to be known to be understood - 27What is the difference between information and knowledge?Information is based of facts whereas knowledge is opinion
- 28Give an example of how data can be turned into knowledge:Data: 101
Information: BBC1 channel number
Knowledge: Sky number to input to get BBC1 - 29What are the different data types?Boolean/Real/Integer/Text-String/Date-Time
- 30Describe and give an example of the boolean data type:Can contain one of only two values
e.g. Yes/No - 31Describe and give an example of the real data type:Contains numbers that will have a decimal place
e.g. 45.78 - 32Describe and give and example of the integer data type:contains whole numbers with no decimal places
e.g. 45 - 33Describe and give and example of the text/string data type:Any alphanumeric character
12345 - 34Describe and give an example of the date/time data type:contains number and letters which display the date or time to different degrees of accuracy
e.g. 12:45pm - 35Define direct data:Data collected from an original source
- 36Define indirect data:Data which has been used for a different purpose than the one it was originally collected for
or
People/companies used for collecting the data different to those actually using the data - 37What are the advantages of using direct data?The source and collection method is known and verified
The exact data required can be collected - 38What are the disadvantages of using direct data?May not get a large range of data
Data may not be available - 39What are the advantages of using indirect data?-Large range of data is available that could not have been collected directly
-Data can be available from different locations and time periods
-Analysis may have already been completed on the data - 40What are the disadvantages of using indirect data?-Do not know if any bias was placed on the collection of the data
-Cannot be certain of the accuracy of the data
-May not have all the information about how,when and where the data was collected - 41Define static information:where the data, once created, does not change
- 42Define dynamic information:the data can change and be updated
- 43What are the advantages of static data?-does not require internet access
-more reliable source of information - 44What are the disadvantages of static data?- there is a limited amount of information available
-cannot be changed easily
-only a certain number of people have access to it - 45What are the advantages of dynamic data?-provides a large volume of information
-data can easily be updated
-can potentially reach everybody
-can be accessed from a variety of locations - 46What are the factors affecting the quality of information:Accuracy
Relevance
Age
Completeness
Presentation
Level of detail - 47Why is accuracy important?If the data is not accurate you cannot rely on the information it provides
- 48Why is relevance important?Information that does not relate to the topic is worthless
- 49Why is age important?Information can change over time. Information for the past may not be relevant now
- 50Why is completeness important?If you only have part of the information it is worthless
- 51Why is presentation important?If the information is presented in a way that you cannot understand or find what you want it loses value
- 52Why is the level of detail important?The volume of data determines whether you have enough to make a decision or too much
- 53Define encoding:Taking the original data and storing it in a different representation
- 54What are the advantages of encoding:-less memory required
-increased security
-increased speed of input
-the data is easier to validate
-the data may become more organised - 55What are the disadvantages of encoding:-the precision of data will be coarsened
-the user needs to know the codes used
-there are a limited number of codes
-difficult to track errors - 56What is the purpose of validation?To make sure the data is sensible/reasonable/within acceptable boundaries/complete
- 57What are the different validation methods:Range
Type
Check digit
Presence
Length
Lookup
Picture - 58Describe the purpose of a range check and give an example:sets upper and lower boundaries for the data, the data entered must lie between two values
e.g.7-13 - 59Describe the purpose of a type check and give an example:Makes sure that the data entered is the correct type
e.g. boolean - 60Describe the purpose of a presence check and give an example:the computer will insist that a value is entered for that field
e.g. name, address and phone number - 61Describe the purpose of a length check:data cannot be more than a set number of characters
- 62Describe the purpose of a lookup check and give an example:data is cross referenced against a list to make sure that it is valid and acceptable
e.g. a postcode - 63Describe the purpose of a picture check and give an example:the location of number and letters must be in the same place every time
e.g. postcode - 64Describe the purpose of a check digit and give an example:a check digit is calculated using a set of numbers and then added to the end of them
- 65What is the purpose of verification?to make sure that the source document is the same as the information on the object documnet
- 66Describe double entry verification:entering the data twice, the computer then compares the data and finds any differences so the user can make appropriate changes
- 67Describe manual verification:proofreading the data
- 68What are transcription errors?mistakes copying the data
e.g. hitting the wrong key
Amber/Amver - 69What are transposition errors?Typing the data in the wrong order
e.g. Amber/Abmer - 70Describe the term backup:Keeping a copy of the current data, so that the data is not lost
- 71Describe the term archiving:long-term storage of the data that is not required immediately or not at all
- 72What is the difference between backup and archiving?When archiving, data is written to a large capacity storage device at long intervals, unlike backup, which should be written at short intervals
- 73What are the costs of producing information?Hardware
Personnel
Consumables
Software - 74What are the costs associated with hardware?-the costs of acquiring it
-repair and maintenance costs
-upgrade costs - 75What are the costs associated with software:-software licenses
-training costs
-upgrades - 76What are the costs associated with personnel?-employee salaries
-collecting and storing information about staff
-training costs - 77What are the costs associated with consumables?-paper
-printer ink - 78What are the costs associated with consumables?-paper
-printer ink
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- ICT (Chapter 1) Karteikarten am Chapter 1, erstellt von ebanks.amber am 11/04/2013.
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