Karteikarten
Population case studies (needs finishing)
Karten in diesem Stapel (121)
- 1The Gambia: Youthful population 1.A large youthful population means 2.Total population 3. how large is the country relative to other african countries? 4. what percent of the pop is muslim?1.there’s a large proportion of young people in the population
2.1,967,709
3. smallest
4.95% of Gambias population are Muslims, therefore there is a taboo on contraceptions - 2Birth rate is? infant mortality rate is? Fertility rate? Average life expectancy is? dependency ratio is? for every 1000 children born how many mothers will die in child birth? How often will the pop double?40 per 1000 pop per year
73 per 1000 pop per year
7
53 for men, 57 for women
92.3% - high dependency ratio
11
every 28 years - 3Problems: What are the economic problems?not having enough money to feed and support the growing family. Malnutrition is therefore often common.
- There aren't enough jobs for young people when they grow up. More unemployment means more people are dependent on government support. - 4Problems: what are the economic problems part 2?- Increased poverty, more young people are born into families that are already poor, so there are more people in poverty. Some children may have to work to help support their large family, so they can't go to school, which means they cant break out of the cycle of poverty
- 5Problems: what are the environmental problems?Desertification of the forests, people use the wood for fires housing and selling. The land left ends up as desert therefore making the temperature rise. All of Gambia's trees will be gone within 50 years
- 6Problems: what are the social/economic problems?As a result f the poverty homes often don’t have electricity and are overcrowded.
- Sanitation is very poor.
- 1 in 3 14 year olds have to work to help support the family. - 7Problems: what are the social problems?Not enough education, there is a shortage of toilet facilities and educational material, often schools adopted a 2 shift system some children educated in the morning and some later in the day. Teachers are poorly paid and can work up to 12 hours a day.
- 8Problems: what are the social problems part 2?- Increased pressure on public services, greater demand for services like schools and childcare
- Rapid population growth, this leads to overpopulation as there aren’t enough resources to cope with the number of people - 9what are the Factors for the growing population?- Desires for a large family remains strong
- Larger families are seen as a sign of security
- The stigma and cost of contraception links to religious background - 10Responses to the problems: Contraception?There are now awareness campaigns and radio adverts explaining about contraceptives. An NGO called Futures is helping to address the problem by delivering very cheap contraception which is subsidised by the World Health Organisation.
- 11Has the contraception worked?Due to this programme the population growth rate has dropped from 4.2%in 1993 to 3% in 2005. This should reduce birth rate and help to prevent over population from getting any worse as it allows couples to plan and limit the number of children they have.
- 12What does this then mean?This means that the country can focuses on sustainable development for the current population, without the population increasing dramatically and putting pressure on sustainable development strategies
- 13Response to the problem: Health?To reduce the infant mortality rate funding from Canada is used to provide free vaccination for children. Improved maternity care helps the mothers to survive. Parents are encouraged to space out the births so that mother has enough time to recover.
- 14Response to the problem: managing resources?The German government are funding a forest management scheme. The plan is to plant new forests and educate the population on how to look after and use the forests.
- 15Response to the problem: education?More and more children are attending school.
- 16The role of NGOs: concern universal?Development in isolated communities to help them have a sustainable livelihood
Developing the social and material capacity to avoid and respond disasters
Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS - 17concern universal?Peace building and cross border exchanges sharing experiences and ideas.
This give the Gambians a new understanding, they now see themselves as peace actors rather than passive victims of conflict - 18the role of NGOs: united nations population fund?To improve reproductive health
Promote gender equality
Supporting teenagers
Making motherhood safer
Preventing the spread of HIV
All women to have access to contraception - 19united nations population fund part 2?Skilled care when pregnant, all pregnancy complications to receive quality emergency obstetric care to reduce mortality
Support safe motherhood initiatives by training midwives - 20Role of NGOs Gambia helpWork with communities to identify and solve health problems
Improve primary education
Empowering rural communities
Support initiatives such as health, environment protection and sanitation - 21gambia help part 2?Construct wells which include a hand pump and an animal trough, provide funds for repairs. Separate water wells constructed for washing and cooking facilities
- 22Transmigration Indonesia case study how many islands? where is it? climate?Indonesia is made up of 13677 islands over 3000 miles long, found in the South China Sea to the North of Australia. It has an equatorial climate and most of the islands are covered by tropical rainforest vegetation
- 23Population? Capital?It has the fourth largest population of any country in the world over 240 million
Djakarta is the capital and is on the island of Java - 24Where does most of the population live? density?Most of Indonesia's population live on the islands of Jave, Bali, Lombok and Madura which make up the densley populated core area. Java has 60% of the Country's population in 7% of its area.
- 25why is it so popular here?The reason that these four main islands are so popular is that they have fertile, volcanic soils which are ideal for intensive, subsistence, rice cultivation.
- 26What was this scheme?3 and ½ million people were relocated in this scheme that was first introduced under Dutch colonial rule but continued after independence. Between 1900 and the country's independence in 1949 half a million people were moved
- 27source? destination?Source: over populated islands of Indonesia e.g. Java
Destination: underpopulated outer islands such as Maluku - 28what did the scheme involve?Indonesian government provided transport to new home. In addition, a house and a farming plot of two hectares were provided together with basic infrastructure and a living allowance intended to support the transmigrant family for the first 18 months
- 29What was a main aim?to encourage a more balanced demographic development within the country, and to reduce population pressure in the core by moving people to the pripheral islands.
- 30what were the other 2 main aims?to alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities for poor landless setelers to generate income, imporving the living standards of the migrants
to exploite more effectively the potential of the outer islands - 31What were the problems caused?the expansion of the programe alerted environmental and human rights critics both inside and outside Indonesia, who exposed transmigration as a development fraud and an environmental disaster
- 32problems caused: economic: how much was loaned? what was the average resettlement cost?over £200million has been loaned by the world bank so far to help with the scheme
With average resettlement costs of US$7000 per family in the mid-1980s, the programe was an econmoic disaster - 33what happened to indonesias national debt? what did people feel?It increased Indonesia's national debt
Many people feel that its limited success does not justify this spending as its impact on Indonesia's population problems have been minimal - 34how did it not work? what happened to the pop of java? why didnt it work (pop increase)?in1980s Java's population increased by 18% in spite of emigration.1995 the population was increasing by 3.2million people per year, more than the entire amount of people who had moved out from the core islands in the transmigration movement making no dent in the population pressure of Java
- 35how did it fail to achieve its main goals?Rather than alleviating poverty the programme redistributed poverty. Most transmigrants were actually worse off in their new locations because of inadequate planning and site preparation, poor access to markets, neglect of the soil and water necessary for a prosperous agricultural economy.
- 36how many returned homeThis led to 20% of the migrants to return home.
- 37problems caused: political?Resettlement was political and intended to control the indigenous population of the outer islands.
- 38problems caused: environmental?Indonesia's outer islands contain 10% of the world's remaining rainforest and the programme led to loss of forest.
Many people are alarmed at the affects on the environment. - 39how much forest was lost?Over 120million hectares of tropical rainforest ave been felled to create land for the new settlers. Soil erosion and soil exhaustion also occurred once the delicate balance of the Tropical rainforest ecosystem had been disturbed.
- 40why have there been conflicts between the immigrants and the local residents?Traditional farmers are worried that the incomers will take over their area and destroy their way of life. They also complain that the new settlers are given more financial help than they receive.
why have there been conflicts between the immigrants and the local residents? - 41why have there been conflicts between the immigrants and the local residents?- Local shifting cultivators have had to move as their land is being used by the newcomers as the programme violated customary land rights and was aimed at the forced assimilation of indigenous people and forest dwellers
- 42Advantages? (infrastructure)Improved infrastructure on the peripheral islands, e.g. better roads, more schools and health facilities, although in many areas they are still not adequate for the numbers of people who actually live there.
- 43Advantages? (for the migrants)People from the core who had no land or jobs now have a future in their new homes.
Some spontaneous migration to the outer islands has been stimulated. - 44the future (for a transmigration policy)focus on providing rural infrastructure to attract people and encourage migration and less on largescale organised schemes.
- 45the future (population control)It may be better for the country to try to solve the problems linked with its rapid population growth by more family planning programmes, intensifying agricultural production, developing the country’s plentiful oil and gas reserves and industries,
- 46Villages day case study: Torcorss?Dependent on tourism
100 seasonal jobs
200, 000 visitors will come to torcross and slapton sands every year
Positive: money into the economy
Negative: litter, congestion, noise
Fish and chips - 47torcorss?Good views of either sea or ley so increaes house prices leading to a knock on effect being that 0.7% is social housing
Increase of holiday homes from 18.6% in 2001 to 37% in 2011
in summer very touristy - 48East allington?More locals as there r cheaper housing. Only for people who jave lived and worked in devon for 3 years. Development is easier as outside ANOB.
Village shop is a temporary building ran by volunteers so it remains open - 49East allington?Pop has been increasing has been steadly increasing 2001 554 people and in 2011 727 people
Cheaper to live here
Community feel
So more balanced pop structure - 50Chillington?pop: 880- the largest pop of all villages that we visited, Lies just outside AONB
A379 Runs through it: the main link road
Linear settlement grew around the road
More services and settlements and facilities because it was designated as a key settlements in the 1970s most of the development is post war - 51Chillington?10.7% of homes are second homes
Health centre opened in 1995 put services here and people from surrounding villages could come here - 52Chillington?Village hall and playing fields
Good accessibility
In 1964, Chillington was announced as one of 68 ‘Key Settlements’ within Devon. This was to attract services, facilities and employment into set locations or ‘hubs’ of business. - 53Slapton?Is in a conservation area and part of the ANOB. Alot of cottages are listed. So development is very restricted. Cant get coaches through the village. Limited access through the villages.
- 54China one child policy: pop?Eastern Asia
Population 1.37 billion (2015)
20% of the world population - 55What is a brief outline of the one child policy?1979 government introduced the ‘one child policy’
Very strict, virtually illegal to have more that one child, families were fines for having more than one child
Forced abortions - 56Why did The chinese government became concerned about the rate of population growth?The chinese wanted to avoid a malthusian-type disaster in the future
they realised China could only have a rising living standard if the population was controlled - 57in 1950-1959 what was the philiosophy of the government? what did the government do? what happened to the pop size?philosophy: 'a large population gives a strong nation'.
The government encouraged people to have children.
The population doubled in size from 1950 to 1980 when it reached 1 billion - 58What happened in 1959?In 1959, there was a serious famine and 20 million people died, the government realised that if the population continued to grow there would not be enough resources and land to sustain the living standards.
- 591960-1973 what happened to the pop?After the famine there was a population boom. The population icnreased by 55 million (equivilant to the population of the UK) every year. Nothing was done to reduce this spiralling growth rate
- 60What was the demographic profile of china in 1970?in stage 2 of the DTM with ists wide base suggesting high birth rate and the slanted sides show how the birth rate is increasing all the time.
demographic profile of china in 1970 has a lot of young people, not many people of working age and very few elderly people- it is a youthful population - 611974-1979 what was the policy change?people were encouraged to reduce the birth rate by the slogan 'wan-xi-shao' (later, longer, fewer)
Later marriages
longer gaps between children
fewer children - 621979 what happened in 1979?the wan-xi-shao policy did not work well and the population went on increasing. In 1979 the governemtn introduced the one-child policy which set strict imits on who was allowed to ave children and when
- 63what were the enforcements for the one child policyStrong pressre was put on women to use contraception. Special family-planning workers in every workplace and 'granny police' in housing areas were instructed to make sure women were practicing contraception and to report on pregnancies. Enforced abortions and sterilisation became common.
- 64what were the incentives to keep tot eh one child policy?Allowances to help bring up the one child
Salary bonuses (urban)
Bigger land allocation (rural)
Extended maternity leave
Paid medical and hospital expenses
Priority housing - 65what were the repurcussions of having more than one child?These couples faced criticism and very heavy fines which would be deducted from their earnings
Couples had to get permission to marry and it was illegal to marry before the age to 20 for men and 22 for women - 66where was the policy successful? what suggests it had the desired effect? (growth rate)The policy was successful in urban areas, but less so inrural areas where disobedience was more common.
in 2011 population growth is between 0-1% similar to western Europe and North America with one of the lowest population growth rates in Asia - 67What were the effects of the one child policy?A disturbing effect of the policy was the practice of female infanticide. Couples wanted sons and many baby girls were killed or 'disappeared'. The dominance of male babies also led to the spoilt 'little emperor' syndrome as the attention of the extended family fell onto one child.
- 68updates of the policy?2013 China adds an exemption allowing two children for families in which one parent, rather than both, is an only child.
2015 One-child policy scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children for the first time in more than three decades - 69why was the policy updated?This is due to the concerns of chinas ageing pop Currently about 30% of pop is over the age of 50. The total pop of the country is around 1.36 billion
began formally relaxing national rules two years ago, allowing couples in which at least one of the pair is an only child to have a second child. - 70benefits of the one child policy (infant mortality rates)1970s, (United Nations) 60 males per 1,000 live births died under the age of one. girls the figure was 53. 1980s, after the one-child policy became official, the rate for both was 36.
1990s, 26 males per 1,000 live births died before the age of one and 33 girls. 2000s saw 21 boys per 1,000 live births dying and 28 girls. - 71how many boys for every girl?1.16 boys born for every girl
it's estimated there are now 33 million more men than women in China - 72what is the family ratio?4:2:1 families
four grandparents, cared for by two working-age parents, who themselves have one child. - 73number of births prevented?400 million
- 74UK ageing pop proportion of old people?In 2005, 16% of the population in the UK was over 65. expected to rise to 25% by 2041
a rise in the 'very elderly'- people aged 80 and over by 2021 there will be more than 3million people over 80, which would be 5% of the population - 75Why the population of the U.K. is ageing:1. Increasing life expectancy/longevity: between 1980 and 2006 life expectancy rose 2.8 years for women and 4 years for men. The life expectancy in 2013 was 82.9years for women and 79.2 years for men.
- 76why is the uks pop ageing (point 2 + 3)??2. Baby Booms: lots of babies were born in the 1940s and 1960s, these large generations are starting to retire increasing the number of elderly people.
3. Falling Birth rate: there are fewer young people so the proportion of older people is greater. The Fertility rate of the U.K is 1.9 in 2012 - 77The state pension system transfers resources from the working population to the retired population. As the population has aged the level of resource transfer required has increased. Why cant this be sustained?Now 60% of the pop are independent/economically active paying taxes that go towards the pensions of 19% of the pop that are in retirement. By 2030 only 56% will be economically active, but the taxes they pay will have to pay for the pensions of the 27% of the population that are of retirement age.
- 78contd. what was the situation like when pensions were first introducedWhen pensions were first introduced in 1900s there were 22 people of working age for every retired person by 2024 there will be less than 3 of working age.
- 79Pressure on the pension system: there are not enough people of working age to pay for an adequate pension for the retired population. what will happen to the pensioners?pensioners become poorer relative to rest of society
taxes/national insurance contributions devoted to pensions increases
the rate at which individuals save for retirement increases
the average retirement age increases. - 80problems with ageing pop: Whats happening to poverty for elderly people in the uk?More elderly people living in poverty- the state pension is not very large and many people don’t have other saving and there are not the resources to increase it.
- 81poblem of uks ageing pop Pressure on the Health system: older people often need more medical care than younger people. why is this?average stay in hospital in 2005 for people over 75 was 13nights but only 8 nights for the U.K. pop as a whole. due to health costs being compressed into the last years or months of life (compression of morbidity). retired home in 2007/2008 cost the NHS double a non-retired home.
- 82Strategies to mange ageing populations: how is the retirement age being increased?retirement age in the U.K. is currently 62 ½ for women and 64 for men, but will be raised to 68 for everyone by 2050. Increasing the retirement age means people have to work for longer so increase the size of the economically active pop.
- 83Statagies to manage the ageing pop: How is raising the retirment age helping towards sustainable development?it doesn’t increase the pop, also if people work for longer there can be economic growth for the uk. but this could hinder sustainable development if jobs created to allow people to work for longer aren't sustainable e.g. working in a coal factory versus wind-turbine power plant.
- 84Strategies to mange ageing populations: how has the uk increased immigration of working age people?the UK allowed unlimited immigration of people from countries who joined the EU in 2004 r.g. Poland. In 2004 around 80% of immigrants that came to the UK from the new EU countries were 34 or under. This increases the independent pop
- 85Strategies to mange ageing populations: Has immigration been a strategy that is sustainable?On its own it doesn’t help towards sustainable D as you are increasing the size of the pop so more resources will be required. e.g more working people require more jobs which could be in heavily polluting industries so unless the migrants needs are met sustainably this strategy on its own isn’t sustainable
- 86strategies to manage uk ageing pop: how is the uk government Encouraging couples to have more children/ increase the birth or fertility rate (use key terms) via incentivesnew UK pension proposals mean women won't loose out on state pensions if they take career breaks to have child, working family tax credits, support couples who go back to work once their child are born, encouraging couples to have more child and remain in work
- 87strategies to manage uk ageing pop Is encouragin couples to have more children sustainable?This increases the population of a country and just puts off having to deal with the ageing population until they reach the retirement age, so your not really solving the issue but putting it off for the future.
- 88what are the economic advantages?'Grey' pound spending on holidays accounts for £320billion a year up by £100billion in 9 years.
- 89what are the social advantages?Old people volunteer with charities and many take an active part in the community but Elderly people in the workforce denies jobs for young people cause social unrest however they add experience and if the economy allows it could help to expand the economy
- 90what are the political advantges?Retriement age (see before)
political parties- the 'grey' vote, this is advantageous to parties who are trying to woo elderly people and can get into power but is a disadvantage for younger people as policies ignore them. - 91ROMANIA Why did the Romanian government feel the need to increase birth rates??help with economic growth it needed a large workforce, but as development increased, the pop growth to slowed down. The country was near zero pop growth which would ave consequences for future industrialisation if the country didn't have a sufficient workforce.
- 92why was the birth rate so low?60% of pregnancies resulted in abortions of infant mortality
- 93Response: in 1966 the governmet responded with a decree that prohibited abortion on demand. when would abortion only be allowed?endangered the life of the woman or
was a result of rape or incest,
if the child was likely to have a congenital disease or deformity, if the woman was over 45 years or had given birth to at least 4 children who remained in her care. - 94what happened if the abortion wasn't for specified reasons?If the abortion was not for any of these reasons it became a criminal offence, and you could be prosecuted if you sought an illegal abortion or performed one.
- 95Response: what happened to couples who remained childless at the age of 25?Men and women who remianed childless at the age of 25 whether married or single faced being taxed 10-20% of their income.
- 96Response: what happened to obtaining a divorce?Divorces became harder to get and marriage could only be dissolved in exceptional circumstances
Only 28 divorces were allowed nationwide in 1967, compared with 26, 000 the preceeding year. - 97response: how did it became more financially desireable and possibly to have children and less so to remain childlessFamily allowences paid by the state increased, with each child bringing a small increased
Monetary awards for mothers, beginning with the birth of the third child.
the income tax for parents of three or more children was reduced by 30% - 98Resposne: what happened to the access to contraception?Contraceptions were not manufactured in Romania and all legal importation of them stopped.
This made birth control very difficult - 99Success: what happened to the number of live births and why?Sex had traditionally been a taboo subject and sex education in the 1980s was practically non-existent,meaning that the policies had an immediate impact with the number of live births increasing from 273,687 in 1966 to 527,764 in 1967 an increase of 92.8%.
- 100success: what happened to the number of abortions?Legal abortions fell dramatically with only 52,000 performed in 1967 compared to more than 1 million in 1965.due to the presence of police in hospital to enforce the new policies. However infant and maternal mortality increased.
- 101success: was it as successful as it appears?original success was short lived, as when the police returned to their other duties number of legal abortions rose as did number of spontaneous abortions. incentives and draconian regualtion were not enough to retain a high birth rate and pop growth again began to decline.
- 102Response how did the government respond to the fleeting success the government continued with its efforts to increase birth rates, so in 1974 they granted special allowences for pregnant women and nursing mothers what were thesegiving them a lighter work load that excludes overtime and hazardous work
allowing them to take time off to take care of their children without loss of benefits. - 103What were the success in 1983?birthrate had fallen to 14.3 per 1,000,
the rate of annual increae in pop had dipped to 3.7 per 1,000
number of abortions (421, 386) exceeded the number of live births (321,489)
thought only 9% of the abortions had the necessary medical justifications - 104The Ceausescu regieme took more aggressive steps in the 1980s what were these?1984 legal age of marriage lowered to 15
additional taxes were levied on childless individuals over 25
monthly gynecological examinations for all women of childbearing age were instituted - 105What happened if you had a miscarriage? and what was set up so all women were gynecologically examined at their workplace?Miscarriages were to be investigated along with illegal abortions, this could result in a 1 year prison sentence for the women and up to 5 years for docters and other medical personnel
in 1985 demographic command units were set up - 106In addition to the taxes what else happened to a childless couple? and what were the requirement to gain an abortion?investigated childless couples asking detiled questions about their sex lives, health of their reproductive systems, gave infetility treatment.
1985 a woman had to have five child under her care or be more than 40 to qualify for an abortion, a party rep had to be there to authorize it. - 107What happened to material incentives?Material incentitives were increased including raising taxes for childless individuals and increasing monthly allowances by 27% to families with children
- 108Was there any success?expenditure on material incentives rose by 470% between 1967 and 1983
birthrate actually decreased by 40%
in 1983 there was only a slight increase from 14.3 to 15.5 per 100 in 1984 and 16 per 1000 in 1985 - 109Success???more than two decades of draconian anti-abortion regulation and expenditures for material incentives that by 1985 equaled half the amount of the budget for defence birth rates only slightly higher than those rates in countries that allowed abortion on demand.
- 110Why did these policies not have the desired affect?ignored the relationship between socioeconomic development and demographies
incentives only amounted to approximately 3.61 lei per child day enough to buy 43grams of preserved milk not enough to feed, house another person - 111Economic migration in Dubai how much did the pop increase by? what percent do migrant labourers make up of dubais population?Population increased from 1 million in 1980 to 7.5 million in 2010
Migrant labourers compose 60 percent of Dubai's population - 112What are the incomes for a migrant working family compared to a nonmigrant family??Average per capita income in the UAE is the equivalent of $2,106 per month, the average migrant worker receives only $175 a month and often lives in a labour camp far outside of town.
- 113Draw the population pyriamid for dubai in 1950??
- 114draw dubais population pyramid for 2010??
- 115what are the problems??Passports often confiscated to prevent them absconding whilst on a work contract.
Accident and suicide rates amongst migrants are high (84 known in 2006).
Strikes and demonstrations – unpaid wages, better living conditions - 116what are the two areas you studied that represent two contrasting areas in a city??Inner city ‘Stonehouse’ and Suburbs ‘Hartley’, Plymouth
- 117describe Stonehouse??High density C19th terraced housing. Convenience stores. No shopping parades/centres. Residents travel to city centre to shop. The area between Union Street + the dock has been used by small factories, storage, car dealers + repairers. Since 2002 many of those buildings + yards have been cleared + r being replaced by high density residential building.
- 118Describe Hartley??Modern estates (Venn estate)
Large detached and semi’ with gardens and driveways.
Shopping parades & supermarket (Morrisons).
No shopping centre (part of the Devon Expressway).
Regular bus service.
Gated retirement community.
Tavistock Road provides ready access to Mutley and the City centre and the A38 Plymouth Parkway linking it to the motorways
No entertainment except the large roadhouse style pub close to the Manadon interchange. - 119Worse social deprivation for each area?Stonehouse 56
Hartley 17 - 120worse environmental deprivation??Stonehouse 106
Hartley 34 - 121worse economic deprivation?Stonehouse 156
Hartley 80
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- the gambia uk ageing pop china one child policy villages day transmigration romania
- Erstellt von
- annabel.jennings
- Aufrufe
- 11
- Bewertung