Karteikarten
soc mt 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (178)
- 1social facts vs social constraintssocial facts :church
social constraints: must act like a good christian - 2emile durkheimmodern development based on division of labor, social cohesion and organic solidarity
- 3ideas linked to Emile Durkheimsocial facts, organic solidarity, social cohesion, division of labor, social constraints, anomie
- 4how our actions are limited as by Durkheimsocial constraints
- 5main ideas of Karl Marxmodern development based on capitalism and the divisions of class so we should study how we are divided by capitalism
- 6Max Weberrationalization of social and economic life- the purpose behind it the efficiency and he emphasized the influence of cultural ideas and values on social change, studied beuracracy
- 7August Comte ideassociology should serve as science to predict and control human behavior
- 8Ideas of Harriet MartineauHarriet: methodological approach to study all aspects of society in order to understand it.
- 9ideas of WEB Dubiosdouble consciousness- which is the way AAs saw themselves through the eyes of whites and how they saw themselves
- 10Dubois and the selfrelies upon history and social circumstances
- 11examples of rationalizationscience, modern technology and bureaucracy= these increase efficiency
- 12Herbert Meadsymbolic interactionism, language, symbols, small scope
- 13Robert Mertonfunctionalism, manifest and latent functions, the function of social activity is found by the contribution it makes to society
- 14ideas of marxismpower
class conflicts
divisions - 15feminist theorygender relations
gender inequality
role of women
gender race and class inequalities - 16rational choice theoryself interest
behavior has a purpose - 17post-modernistic theorysociety is not governed by history or progress- we've deviated so far from our history that it no longer governs us
- 18how sociology helps uscultural awareness
assess policy effects
self enlightment - 19middle range theoriesMerton: not too big that it can't be tested- example is relative deprivation
- 20How did Emile Durkheim think that the division of labor contributes to organic solidarity in modern societies?Durkheim claimed that people become more dependent on one another as the division of labor expands and that this interdependence provides social cohesion.
- 21How can sociology have practical implications?Sociological studies are often used to assess the success, or failure, of policy initiatives in areas ranging from education to housing to sex discrimination.
- 22The functionalist approach has been criticized for ?focusing primarily on factors that lead to social cohesion and paying scant attention to factors that create social conflict
- 23The concept of __________ refers to the fact that social contexts are not random events but have distinct patterns.social structure
- 24According to some postmodern theorists, such as Jean Baudrillard, how has the spread of electronic media affected society?It has disconnected us from real people and places and led to greater social isolation as we respond to signs and images that often have little to do with our everyday lives.
- 25Postmodern theorists argue that much of our world is nowa make-believe universe in which we respond to media images rather than to real persons or places.
- 26According to Max Weber, _________ is a general process through which social, economic, and cultural life is organized according to principles of efficiency, on the basis of technical knowledge.rationalization
- 27How is the sociological imagination key to the study of sociology?Mills argued that we need to overcome our limited perspective and understand the larger meaning of our experiences.
- 28What best describes one of the principal aims of sociology?to explore what we regard as "normal" about our lives and society at large and understand how this concept of "normal" is shaped by historical and social forces
- 29Which of the following is one of the contributions that Harriet Martineau made to the field of sociology?She was the first to look at subjects such as marriage, religious life, and race relations from a sociological perspective.
- 30Sociology can be said to have developed as a result of efforts to understand the effects of __major societal transformations of the last two hundred years, triggered in large part by the Industrial Revolution
- 31Alice Goffman' researchexplored the way the plight of men avoiding authorites
- 32Park and Ogburn: purposeboth strive for sociology as a science
- 33Park's ideas about soc as a sciencerooted in emotional personal connections and rooted in science to give explanantions
- 34Ogburn's ideas about soc as a scienceThe value
of statistics and scientific methodologies for understanding
the world - 35ways that soc is a sciencea scientific
endeavor that involves systematic
methods of empirical investigation, the analysis of data,
and the assessment of theories in light of evidence and logi-
cal argument. - 36ways that soc is unlike natural sciencehumans are self aware, must understand context and reason to understand sociology behind it
- 37steps in the research process:define a problem
read the literature
choose a research design
propose a hypothesis
collect data
interpret, report, repeat - 38importance of hypothesesbasis for theoretical testing
- 39causation vs correlation1. one event produces another: not inferred by correlation
2. relationship between variables not caused by one another - 40the importance of controlsholding some variables constant allow us to distinguish between causal and non causal relationships
- 41list 3 research methods in soc researchethnography: interviews and participant observation, survey: questionaires to population , experiment: variables analyzed and controlled
- 42pros and cons of ethnographyricher in depth info
but hard to generalize and only for small groups - 43pros and cons of surveysinfo on large group allows for precise comparisons but standardized to overlook differences- too generalized or answers untruthful
- 44pros/cons of experimentscan be repeated, variable control but
responses influenced or cannot be lab quantified - 45life history as a research methodin depth biographical research some say unreliable- memories, ex.
- 46comparative researchcompares societies
- 47historical researchhistorical docs and events
- 48common research methodsethnography, surveys
- 49culture vs societyculture: norms material good beliefs attitudes of a group
society: system of interrelationships that connect people - 50human culture: how its shapes societyearly human culture - making tools for survival,
- 51why sociologists avoid ethnocentrismjudging cultures in terms of own cultures standards
- 52judging a society by its own standardscultural relativism
- 53importance of languagemore perceptive of things we have words for to acknowledge and keeps culture intact
- 54how cultural meanings are expressed /formedsymbols and writings- SIGNIFIERS
- 55types of human societieshunter gatherer: small group, few inequalities, differ by age gender
agrarian: agriculture centered ruled by cheif stronger inequalities
pastoral: large size ruled by kings and warriors, distinct inequalities
traditional: largest size, governed by king emperor most inequality - 56industrialized society key pointsmore/faster innovation
urbanized, impersonal, large pop, advanced political system and more intergrated natl system - 57effects of globalizationincreased nationalism and local cultures become more intact
- 58How do developing countries today differ from traditional civilizations?Most developing countries are involved in trade with countries around the world; traditional civilizations only interacted with bordering societies or civilizations
- 59Which of the following statements best captures sociologist Ann Swidler's notion of culture as a "tool kit"?Culture is flexible and people participate in many different cultures by selecting different understandings and behaviors from their cultural tool kit.
- 60What is a primary difference, besides food sources, between agrarian societies and both pastoral societies and hunting and gathering communities?eople in agrarian societies could accumulate more material possessions than people in the other two groups because they didn't move around as much.
- 61Which of the following is an example of a cultural value?One must respect the opinions of older members of the community.
- 62The Nature versus Nurture debate examines the importance ofbiology and culture/learning
- 63According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, how does language influence our perceptions of the world?We are more likely to be aware of things if we have words for them.
- 64cultural turnsociology's recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life
- 65Which of the following is a characteristic of preindustrial civilizations?based on the development of cities
- 66NIEsMexico
brazil
south korea
singapore
taiwan
hong kong - 67role play importancechild develops sense of self
- 68the importance of organized play in childrengeneralized other—the general values and moral rules of the culture in which they are
developing. - 69sensorimotor stage:child develops understanding of environment not self yet
can only play with toys - 70pre-operational stagechild only understands from own view- egocentric
no causality or connected talk- spilled milk example
few connections made - 71concrete operationalmasters abstract logical notions
- 72formal operational stageegocentrism is completely gone- hypothetical thinking can form, grasp abstract
- 73Not everyone reaches formal operational stage- depends on level of schoolingbut first 3 stages are universal
- 74adults of limited education think in concrete terms withlots of egocentrism still
- 75primary socializationmost intense and pivotal time to be socialized as infant- language, behavioral patterns
- 76socialization stages: who socializes them?1. primary=family
2.secondary= then peers school media - 77traditional vs modern social position acquistiontraditional= born into social position, modern= influenced by family but make it yourself
- 78peer groupsformed in school- groups of ind with similar age and social classes
- 79peer groups vs age-gradesage grades typical of traditional society and have same obligations
- 80Barrie Thorne and gender play main ideassocialization greatly due to social activities of school children as they play together
- 81Barrie Thorne on gender socializationinfluenced by peer groups and what is desirable
- 82According to Hodge and Tripp, it is not the vio- lence alone that affects behavior butrather the general frame-
work of attitudes within which it is both presented and read. - 83mass media: video game effects on schoolworkother pressures deflect interest in school and encourage absorption into video games
- 84social rolesexpected behavior pertaining to social position
- 85functionalist view on social rolespredetermined and not creatively made, defined and performed as set by culture
- 86how individuals come to assume social rolesthrough ongoing process of social interactions- social role is not preordained
- 87social identityessentially labels you placing you in a group with others like student, mother, brown
- 88social identities vs self identitiessocial- multifaceted, how society sees you
self- individualistic - 89how we learn gender rolesparent interactions, gender learning, socialization
- 90the problem with freuds theorieseverything!
genital awareness
penis superiority
father as disciplinarian
gender learning occurs sooner than freud thought - 91Chodorow's views on gender socializationparental attachments mainly daughter and mother is key- dependent on one another and boys are independent of this and break- boys inexpressive and girls connected by relationships
- 92Chodorow's criticismsmiddle class white families studied only
- 93Which of the following statements is central to Jean Piaget's ideas about child development?Children select and interpret what they see, hear, and feel.
- 94From a sociological perspective, what is a characteristic of human beings that most distinguishes us from other animals?Human beings are aware that they have a distinct identity that is separate from others
- 95How are social identity and self-identity different?A social identity emphasizes a person's similarity to and connection with others, while self-identity demonstrates that a person is a distinct individual.
- 96Which of the following is an example of a formal way that schools serve as socializing agents?Schools formally socialize students through what is specifically taught, but they also informally socialize students by enforcing punctuality, discipline, and respect for authority.
- 97How is old age viewed differently in traditional and modern societies?In traditional societies older people were greatly respected and their opinions highly valued; in modern societies, the elderly tend to lack authority both in the family and community.
- 98What new perspective did researchers Robert Hodge and David Tripp bring to the study of television programs affect children?Hodge and Tripp emphasize that children actively interpret what they are watching, relating it to other systems of meaning in their lives.
- 99civil inattentionacknowledgement of presence without gesture or intrusions- make social interactions run efficiently
- 100Erving Goffman founded whatmicrosociology or social interaction- scientists should focus on the trivial aspects of behavior
- 101Goffman on daily routinesour day-to-day routines, with their almost constant
interactions with others, give structure and form to what we
do; we can learn a great deal about ourselves as social beings - 102Goffman: reality. Because individuals are capable of creative action, they
continuously shape reality through the decisions and actions
they take - 103importance of social interactiondaily routines and interactions give us structure, studying social interaction in everyday life sheds
light on larger social systems and institutions - 104central insight of goffmanA central insight of sociology since Goffman has been
that a crucial aspect of social interaction is that every human being possesses a self that is fragile and vulnerable to
embarrassment or even humiliation at every turn. - 105places where there's no audience segregationasylum
prison
boot camp - 106the importance of civil inattention. Each individual unconsciously indicates recognition of the other person’s presence but avoids any gesture that might be taken as
too intrusive. - 107Goffman's beliefs of what sociologists should focus ontrivial everyday social interactions
- 108Conclusion of Ekman's studythe facial
expression of emotion and its interpretation are innate in hu-
man beings. - 109Influences of facial expressionsindividual and cultural
factors influence what exact form facial movements take and
the contexts in which they are deemed appropriate - 110the problem with the internetThe power to signal with facial gestures is one of the
things that people do to control the flow of a conversation.
This is why in e-mail disputes people
who are unable to make mutual adjustments in response to
verbal or facial cues will end up saying much more - 111A central insight of sociology since GoffmanA central insight of sociology since Goffman has been
that a crucial aspect of social interaction is that every hu-
man being possesses a self that is fragile and vulnerable to
embarrassment or even humiliation at every turn. - 112James Henslin and Mae Biggs studyadopting rolls during a woman's pelvic exam: patient is a person then non person when examined
- 113focused interaction leads to...an encounter
- 114all interactions arefocused and unfocused
- 115In focused interac- tion, each person communicates as much by facial expression and gesture as by the words actually exchanged.give and those they give off: The first are the words and
facial expressions they use to produce certain impressions on others. The second are the clues that others may spot to check
their sincerity or truthfulness. - 116unfocused interactions onlinestatus updates
- 117impression managementthey also endeavor individually to preserve their own dignity,
autonomy, and respect. One of the ways that people do this is
by arranging for “audience segregation” in their lives. - 118impression management and internetwork gets front region- not supposed to see back region or personal self
- 119small talk and social contextrely on shared understanding: The most inconsequential forms of daily talk presume com-
plicated, shared knowledge brought into play by those speak- ing. - 120the importance of shared understanding in social livesthe stabil-
ity and meaningfulness of our daily social lives depend on the
sharing of unstated cultural assumptions about what is said
and why - 121importance of small talkthe stabil-
ity and meaningfulness of our daily social lives depend on the
sharing of unstated cultural assumptions about what is said
and why - 122Garfinkel student study on street interchanges with talkNegotiating smooth “openings” and “closings” to con-
versations is a fundamental requirement for urban civility. - 123interactional vandalism describes cases like these in which a subordinate person breaks the tacit rules of everyday interaction that are of value to the more powerful.When standard cues for
opening and closing conversations are not adhered to, indi-
viduals feel a sense of profound and inexplicable insecurity. - 124Interactional vandalism is closely tied up with overarching class, gender, and racial structuresInterac-
tional vandalism is part of a self-reinforcing system of mu-
tual suspicion and incivility. - 125response cries as impression managementThe exclamation
demonstrates to witnesses that the lapse is only minor and momentary, not something that should cast doubt on
command of actions. - 126controlled alertnesscontrolled alertness.
A fundamental part of being human is continually demon-
strating to others our competence in the routines of daily life - 127Edward Hall and personal spaceIntimate distance, of up to one and a half feet,
is reserved for very few social contacts.
Personal distance, from one and a half
to four feet, is the normal spacing for encounters with friends
and close acquaintances.
Social distance, from
four to twelve feet, is the zone usually maintained in formal
settings such as interviews. The fourth zone is that of public
distance, beyond twelve feet, preserved by those who are per-
forming to an audience. - 128importance of social life with clocks in time-space and regionalizationWithout clocks and the precise tim-
ing of activities, and thereby their coordination across space,
industrialized societies could not exist - 129how internet changes space time intractionsimmediate online chat anytime from a chair
- 130pros and cons of internet to social interactions- other factors used to disadvantage like indicators for age or ethnicity
-focuses on content of message
-reduces face to face contact, weakens social ties, isolates us, impersonal - 131result of increased internet usagemore value on direct contact than before
- 132compulsion of proximityfueled by face to face interactions like meetings
- 133importance of coprescenceOnly by actually being in the presence of people who
make decisions affecting us in important ways do we feel
able to learn what is going on and feel confident that we can
impress them with our own views and our own sincerity - 134. In societ- ies where men on the whole dominate women in both public and private life, men may feel freer than women to make eye contact with strangers.Taken individually, such cases may seem inconsequential;
when viewed collectively, they help reinforce patterns of gen-
der inequality - 135how nonverbal communication eludes to gender inequalitiesThus, it is argued, micro-
level studies of nonverbal forms of communication provide
subtle cues that demonstrate men’s power over women in
wider society - 136Gardner on harassment of womenGardner linked the harassment of
women by men to the larger system of gender inequality, rep-
resented by male privilege in public spaces, women’s physical
vulnerability, and the omnipresent threat of rape - 137Anderson: micro macrosoc and class inequalitiesinteractions effected by stereotypes, signifiers, social roles and statuses
- 138Impression management referspeople's conscious and unconscious efforts to influence how others view them
- 139According to research, how has the increase in the use of electronic communication in the workplace affected face-to-face interaction in offices?It seems to have contributed to weaker social ties and a decreased ability to handle conflict through dialogue, as people essentially have less practice with face-to-face interactions.
- 140Why is it important to link microsociology and macrosociology when analyzing everyday social interactions?By linking microsociology and macrosociology, sociologists can more accurately identify the root causes of certain behaviors or societal inequalities.
- 141social aggregate vs social groupA simple collection of people who
happen to be together in a particular place but do not
significantly interact or identify with one another.
A collection of people who regularly interact
with one another on the basis of shared expectations
concerning behavior and who share a sense of common
identity. - 142primary vs secondary groupsprimary groups • Groups that are characterized by intense
emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a
strong, enduring sense of commitment.
secondary groups • Groups characterized by large size and
by impersonal, fleeting relationships. - 143primary and secondary group purposesfulfilling
the other is for a goal - 144prevalence of primary and secondary groups in historyFor most of human history, nearly all interactions took
place within primary groups. This began to change with the
emergence of larger, agrarian societies, which included such
secondary groups as those based on governmental roles or oc-
cupation. - 145secondary groups effect on intimacySome early sociologists, such as Cooley, worried about
a loss of intimacy as more and more interactions revolved
around large impersonal organizations. However, what
Cooley saw as the growing impersonality and anonymity of
modern life may also offer an increasing tolerance of individ-
ual differences. Primary groups often enforce strict confor-
mity to group standards - 146reference groups types and importanceprimary: family
secondary: other we socialize
importance: to be exposed to reference groups
that will provide positive standards of behavior.
a group that provides a standard for judging one’s at-
titudes or behaviors - 147George Simmels study of dyadsdyads: important and fragile relationship
triads: more stable but ganging up can dissolve friendships,
larger groups: more stability and less pressure - 148large group interactions with othersresults in more exclusivity, clique formation
- 149Asch's conformity studymore likely to succumb to pressures to conform than express opinion
- 150Milgram's studyresponse of obedience to authority and conforming in this way- unethical approach
- 151Janis and the group think studygroup think results in conformity to making a bad decision or quick consensus, ex given is JFK and bay of pigs
- 152personal networksPersonal networks often include people of similar race, class,
ethnicity, and other types of social background, but some net-
works have a different basis - 153networks vs social groups. Many networks
lack the shared expectations and sense of common identity
that are the hallmark of social groups - 154network characteristicsstrength in the many weak ties upholding them seen in upper classes
- 155importance of internet in social networkmeet on basis of shared interest rather than confining traits- age,strenghtens bonds of those who barely see each other, foster relationships, freedom of expression, socially broader than other types
- 156factors effecting internet usageage and education
- 157organizations can be primary or secondarysecondary fosters huge orgs central to society
- 158example of A formal organization is designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.beuracratic org
- 159traditional and modern social systemstraditional : formed by custom and habit
modern: designed
with definite aims and housed in buildings or physical set-
tings constructed to help realize those aims. - 160pros and cons of orgscan help us when we need it- hospital or enable us- government
- 161Weber on beuracracyAccording to Weber, the expansion of bureaucracy is in-
evitable in modern societies; bureaucratic authority is the
only way of coping with the administrative requirements of
large-scale social systems - 162ideal bueracracy by weberofficials clear cut heirarchy governed and no material owned
more organization= more efficient - 163informal vs formal relationsmore personal relationships vs the normal established procedures and rules
- 164Meyer and Rowan on formal relationsit is distant, ritualistic, people conform to them or seem to
- 165Merton feared that formal relations rigidity could lead to bureaucratic ritualismcalled dysfunction of beuracracy= orgs more concerned with following procedure than the needs of others
- 166Burns and Stalker 2 orgs types: mechanistic and organicmechanistic= hierarchy
organic= opposite, better handles the change of technology - 167Foucaultarchitecture= social make up of the org and authority
- 168timetableshard to manage many poeple at once surveillance
- 169Ritzer mcdonald principlesRitzer uses the four guiding principles of McDonald’s
restaurants—effi ciency, calculability, uniformity, and control - 170japanese vs weberian bureaucracyjapanese has more lower level involvement, more efficient works better
- 171Networked organizations offer at least two advantages over more bureaucratic ones: They can foster the flow of in- formation, and they can enhance creativity. As we’ve seen, bureaucratic hierarchy can impede the flow of informationRitzer: world moving toward automated regulated technology
- 172What concern does sociologist George Ritzer share with Max Weber about the effects of rationalization on modern society?Ritzer argues that the modern tendency to seek efficiency, uniformity, and control in all aspects of people's lives inhibits creativity and makes social life more rigid, more homogenous, and less personal.
- 173According to Max Weber, why is the expansion of bureaucracy inevitable in modern societies?Bureaucratic authority is the only way to manage the administrative demands of large-scale social systems.
- 174According to the political scientist Robert Putnam, one of the most important factors to the health of a modern democracy isits social capital
- 175Judy Wajcman, which of the following has the most influence on the type of management techniques used in an organizationorganizational culture
- 176What is one major difference in how computerization has affected highly skilled professionals versus less-skilled production and service workers?Computerization has provided many professionals with greater flexibility and opportunities for greater creativity in their work, while less-skilled workers find that their work is analyzed and monitored in greater and greater detail.
- 177The increase in the popularity of the corporate culture approach to management is due in part tohe recognition by corporate leaders that in order for their organizations to be successful, they need employees who feel invested in the company, its processes, and products
- 178Kanter on women in professionsequal opportunities must be given
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