Karteikarten
GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Karten in diesem Stapel (148)
- 1Source of a riverwhere the river rises
- 2Tributarya small stream that joins the main river
- 3Confluencethe point where the tributary joins the main river
- 4River basinthe total area drained by the river and its tributaries
- 5Watershedhigh piece of ground that separates two river basins
- 6river mouthwhere the river reaches the sea
- 7river estuarythe part of the river that is tidal
- 8Hydraulic actionforce of the water
- 9abrasionforce of the rivers load
- 10attritionthe rivers load itself is worn down, rounded and smoothened
- 11Solutionchemical erosion of soluble rocks like limestone
- 12Eddyingswirling action within the water
( whirlpool effect ) - 13Differential erosiondifferent rock types are eroded at different rates
- 14Waterfalla sudden sharp drop in the river bed causing the river to cascade over the edge
- 15LeveeWide, low ridges of sediment deposited on river banks that prevent flooding
- 16River's competenceability to carry its load
- 17Alluviumfine sand and silt
- 18Floodplainland flooded by river
- 19Damsbarriers built across streams and rivers that control and monitor the flow of water
- 20Reservoirartificial lake that forms behind dams
- 21Channelisationshape, slope,width and depth of river has been altered ( Flood control )
- 22Dredgingriver bed is dug up to allow greater volume of water
- 23Beach Nourishmenttaking sand from elsewhere and putting it onto the beach
- 24GroynesMan made structures on beaches that prevent longshore drift
- 25Population distributionspread of a population across a region or country ( usually unevenly distributed )
- 26Population densitythe average number of people per square kilometre in a region
( pop/no. of km sq. ) - 27Natural increasebirth rates are higher than death rates
- 28Natural decreasedeath rates are higher than birth rates
- 29Fertility ratete average number of children per mother in a country
- 30Life expectancythe average age a person is expected to live to in a country
- 31Population pyramidsshow population structure, allowing us to see the characterisation of the population, proportion of males to females etc. used for planning
- 32The dependancy ratiounder 16 + over 65 / productive population
- 33mortality ratenumber of deaths per 1000 of the population
- 34Overpopulationwhen the number of people in a region is too much to be supported by the available natural resources
- 35underpopulationwhen very few people live in a region to exploit its resources
- 36Optimal populationnumber of people who can have a high standard of living in a region using the resources available there
- 37Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Theorydescribes and explains the pattern of urban land use in cities by identifying areas of different land use zones and social stratification
- 38Social Stratificationdivision of people into classes based on death and status
- 39gentrificationmaking an area attractive again / Dublin docklands a vibrant centre
- 40CBDCentral Business District
- 41DDDADublin Docklands Development Authority
- 42Urban Renewalsolution to urban decay / making an area more attractive influx of affluent people and businesses to deteriorating area
- 43Urban Decaywhen an area of a city is in decline
( usually happens in centre ) - 44Urban Sprawluncontrolled growth of the city outwards caused by rapid population growth eg. into countryside /hinterland
- 45greenbeltsareas around cities where development is limited to reduce urban sprawl
- 46Site (Settlement patterns)the site of a settlement refers to the land on which te settlement is built
- 47Situation (settlement patterns)its location in relate to the landscape around it
- 48Migrationmovement of people from one place to another
- 49nucleated settlementhouses clustered together
- 50Linear / Ribbon settlementhousing along roadways
- 51Counter-Urbanisationlarge numbers of people move from urban areas to rural areas
- 52Middensrubbish piles from the stone/neolithic age
6000BC - 53central place theoryexplains size and distribution of urban areas in a region.
Large number of villages/small towns and small number of cities/ large towns - 54Central placeurban centre that provides services from people living there and hinterland
- 55Hinterlandarea surrounding a city/ town i.e central place that avails of its resources
( ideally hexagonal ) - 56range ( central place theory )the distance a person is willing to travel to get a good/service
( low/medium/high ) - 57religiona belief system and set of practices that recognise the existence of a power higher than humans
- 58Culturethe language, religious beliefs and way of life of a group of people at a particular time
customs, traditions, music,art,festivals,technology,inventions - 59Languageprincipal means of communication
- 60Acculturationculture of a dominant group is adopted by the lesser cultural group
eg. English is used worldwide - 61Minority languagesat risk of dying out
- 62Racephysical characteristics of a person
skin colour, height, hair type, physique - 63Multi - Racial Societiesformed due to migration and colonisation
- 64Lithospherecrust and upper part of mantle
- 65Asthenosphereregion below lithosphere, plates can float and slide on it as it is partially melted rock
- 66Plate tectonicsthe movement of plates on the earths surface
- 67Theory of Continental Driftsuggests plates have not always been in their present position, suggests movement and drifting of plates
- 68Pangaeasupercontinent made up of all the continents
- 69continental fitcoasts of continents can fit like a jigsaw
- 70Sea-floor Spreadingocean floors widening, new rock being formed at plate boundaries
- 71Convection currentsmolten magma rises, cools and sinks and is reheated in a continuous pattern which causes friction with the plates causing them to move
- 72Rift Valleyplates separating on continent crust
- 73Plate boundaries (name)Divergent
Transform
Convergent - 74Subductionthe heavier plate (oceanic) slides under the other and is destroyed
- 75Intrusive landformsunderground volcanic features, plutons
- 76Foreshocksmall tremor and shocks before a major earthquake
- 77aftershockssmaller earthquakes and shocks that follow after the main one can last weeks
- 78Focusplace beneath earths surface where energy is released
- 79epicentredirectly above the focus where tremors first reach the surface
- 80tsunamisubmarine earthquakes that create tidal waves
- 81seismologystudy of earthquakes
- 82earthquakea sudden movement or shaking of the earths crust that releases energy in the form of seismic waves
- 83seismic wavesbuilt up energy is released from rocks under enormous pressure that slip, races through crust giving off a series of shocks called tremors
- 84seismologistscientist that studies earthquakes
- 85seismographinstrument used to detect, measure and record seismic waves
- 86Richter scalea scientific scale that determines the magnitude of an earthquake
0-10 - 87mercalli scalenon scientific, eye witness based scale of earthquake
- 88USGSmonitoring earthquakes in USA and Worldwide
- 89Dendrochronology in terms of earthquakeswarped tree rings show patterns of earthquakes
- 90Socio-economic factorshuman factors
- 91Geothermal energyrenewable, clean, affordable energy in areas with volcanic activity
- 92soil liquefactionclays and sand mix with groundwater turning the ground to a quicksand like material
- 93Rockshard naturally occurring material that makes up the earths crust
vary in colour, texture, hardness, age and mineral content - 94Igneousformed when molten rock cools and hardens either deep within the crust or on the earths surface
- 95Sedimentaryformed from sediments which were compressed and compacted into layers
- 96Metamorphicsedimentary or igneous rock that was changes due to great heat or pressure created by compression or collision
process:
METAMORPHISM - 97Lithificationprocess that converts layers into solid rock over millions of years through compactor and cementation
- 98Joints in limestonevertical fractures
- 99bedding planeshorizontal fractures
- 100permeable rockallows water to pass through
- 101carbonationchemical weathering
weak carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate and dissolves it - 102limestone pavementsurface feature
clints and grikes - 103karrenhollows in the clints
- 104swallow holepoint at which a stream disappears underground
- 105stalactiteform of roofs of caves, specks of calcite
- 106stalagmiteform of floors of caves from drops of water which evaporate leaving a speck of calcite (usually bigger)
- 107pillarsstalactite and stalagmite join
- 108springwhen a stream reemerges from underground
- 109Karst landscapelimestone
Burren, Co.Clare - 110Physical weatheringphysical breakdown of rock
freeze-thaw action
exfoliation - 111Onion Weatheringstrips off outer layer of rock, rapid heating and cooling of rock
- 112chemical weatheringdecomposition of rock due to the way its minerals react to water and the atmosphere
Carbonation
Hydrolysis - 113Regionan area of the earths surface that has one or more characteristics that distinguish it from other areas.
Physical
Socio-Economic - 114GDAGreater Dublin Area
- 115BMWBorder Midlands West
- 116Conurbationscaused by urban sprawl
towns and cities join together in large urban regions - 117nodal pointscentre of a transport system
- 118C.A.PCommon Agricultural Policy
- 119Hedge paymentsmoney given per head of livestock
- 120Pastoral Farminganimals
- 121Arable / Tillage Farmingplants / crops
- 122Extensive farmingnot using the land to the best of its ability
- 123intensive farmingusing the land to the best of its ability
- 124Marginal landlittle or of no use
- 125subsistentproducing enough to live off
- 126commercial farminggrowing / producing crops to sell
- 127Mixed farmingarable and pastoral
- 128monoculturegrowing one particular crop over and over
- 129draft animalsanimals working on a farm
- 130cash cropspoorer farmers grow to sell and make money
- 131Horticulturemarket gardening
- 132''Pays"a key characteristic of the paris basin region is that different areas known as 'pays' specialise in different forms of intensive farming
due to climate/soil type/landscape - 133Viticulturewine making
- 134E.R.D.FEuropean regional development fund
- 135Cassa plandevelopment plan in Italy replaced by ERDF in 1984
- 136Terra Rossa Soilsred/ weathered limestone
vines and olives - 137Flemishlanguage spoken in Flanders
- 138Walloniaregion of Belgium that speaks French
- 139Monsoon climatevery wet in June - September
very dry October - May - 140caste systemsocial stratification in India
lower caste - Dhalits
upper caste - Brahmins - 141Double croppingdistinct wet and dry season allows 2 crops to be grown
rice - wet
wheat/barley/peas - dry - 142Deccan Plateauregion in India
Black soils - known for cotton production - 143Kashmirregion of religious conflict and a disputed border
- 144Hinduismmain religion of India - Hindu / Ganges river
- 145shanty towns Bastisurban sprawl leads to the development of these slum dwellings with makeshift houses/ no access to clean water
- 146Geomorphological regiona region that is defined by its landscape and the forces and processes that have shaped it
- 147Oblique Photoshorizon can be seen
low oblique- taken at low angle horizon cannot be seen - 148Ecclesiastical functionreligious function
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