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Topic VI

Emma Granger Physiology Englisch 50 Karten

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  1. 1What is the path of the autonomic nervous system?CNS --> smooth + cardiac muscle, glands
  2. 2How many neurons to effector for ANS?2 (pre- and postganglionic)
  3. 3How can a neurone be distinguished and what are the two types?By the type of nt released:
    a) cholinergic = ACh
    b) adrenergic = norepinephrine
  4. 42 divisions of the ANS?Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
  5. 5Function of SNS?Prepares body for activity
    -Fight or flight response
    -Activated during exercise
  6. 6What is the nt at the effector for SNS? What is the nt at the ganglion for the SNS? Where are the cell bodies from the CNS with the SNS? Where do the axons exit with the SNS?NE (except at sweat glands = ACh), ACh, cell bodies in spinal cord, axons exit via spinal nerves T1-L2
  7. 7How to stop chemical stimulation?Need to remove nt
    a) ACh broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - on postsynaptic membrane (cell body/dendrites of postganglionic neuron, or effector cell)
    b) NE broken down by MAO (monoamine oxidase) - in synaptic end bulb of neuron that released it
  8. 8What is the function of the PSNS?Rest + digest, housekeeping
  9. 9What is the nt at the effector for PSNS? What is the nt at the ganglion for the PSNS? Where are the cell bodies from the CNS with the PSNS?ACh, ACh, cell bodies in brain stem or sacral spinal cord
  10. 10Most organs innervated by ANS have both ________, usually have ______ actionsSNS and PSNS, opposite
  11. 11How does ANS regulate internal processes?Continuously and automatically
    -e.g.1: heart rate --> SNS excites, PSNS inhibits
    -e.g.2: GI tract motility --> SNS inhibits, PSNS excites
  12. 12What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for pupils of eyes (iris muscles)?SNS: dilate
    PSNS: constrict
  13. 13What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for the heart?SNS: ups HR & force of contraction
    PSNS: lowers HR
  14. 14What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for the GI?SNS: lowers motility
    PSNS: ups motility
  15. 15What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for the blood vessels?SNS: vasoconstriction
    PSNS: *no innervation of blood vessels (except penis + clitoris)
  16. 16What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for the sweat glands?SNS: up secretion (cold sweat)
    PSNS: *no innervation
  17. 17What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for the digestive glands?SNS: lowers secretion (except saliva)
    PSNS: ups secretion (all of them)
  18. 18What are the effects of ANS (SNS and PNS) for the genitals?SNS: ejaculation
    PSNS: erection, lubrication
  19. 19What's the "higher control of ANS" pathway?Cerebrum (including limbic system) --> hypothalamus (aka "the boss") --> medulla oblongata --> ANS --> SNS OR PSNS
  20. 20True or false: hypothalamus does not need cerebral input for its ANS functions, but emotions can cause autonomic effects, e.g. blushing, fainting, cold sweat, up HR, etcTrue
  21. 21What is the effector for the somatic nervous system?Skeletal muscle
  22. 22What are the 3 types of movement for the somatic nervous system?Reflexes, voluntary, and rhythmic
  23. 23What are the two types of reflex movement?Spinal and postural
  24. 24What do we know about the spinal reflex movement?Least complex, require sensory input from (e.g. muscle spindles)
  25. 25What do we know about the postural reflex movement?For balance, posture, require sensory input from e.g. proprioceptors (e.g. muscle spindles), eyes, inner ear
  26. 26What is the voluntary movement?Most complex, no external stimuli required (act of will)
  27. 27What is the rhythmic movement?Walking, running, etc, combination of reflex + voluntary
  28. 28What is the Level 1 of motor control?Planning
    -Do you want to move? If yes, what movement is needed? Which muscles need to contract?
    -Plan sequence of muscle contractions
    -Signals primary motor cortex
    -Works with input from cerebellum
  29. 29Level 2 and 3: ________ to ___________Descending motor tracts, lower motor neurons
  30. 30What is Level 2 of motor control?-Signals directly to lower motor neurons (via corticospinal tract)
    -Fine, skilled movements
  31. 31What is Level 3 of motor control?-Brain stem nuclei --> descending motor tracts --> lower motor neurons (=indirect tracts)
    -Receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum
    -Involved in coordination of large muscle groups for: maintenance of posture and locomotion
  32. 32What is Level 4 of motor control?It contains:
    -Cell bodies of lower motor neurons
    -Networks of neurons (central pattern generators; CPGs) which set rhythmic, repeated movements (e.g. walking, running); require cortical signals to begin or stop movement
  33. 33What is the role of the cerebellum?-Role in planning + initiating movement --> sends input to cortical areas
    -Stores planned movement + compares actual to plan, using sensory input from e.g. proprioceptors - corrects if necessary
    -Maintains balance, controls eye movements, has a role in maintaining muscle tone
    -Coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint
  34. 34What is the role of basal nuclei?-Aid in planning movement
    -Suppress unwanted motions e.g. at rest
    -Role in maintaining muscle tone
  35. 35Where does the corticospinal (direct) pathway?Cortex to skeletal muscle
  36. 36What are the parts to the corticospinal (direct) pathway?Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons in spinal nerves
  37. 37What/where are the upper motor neurons?-Cell bodies in primary motor cortex
    -Axons down spinal cord
  38. 38What/where are the lower motor neurons?-Cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
    -Axons exit via spinal nerves
  39. 39Are reflex arcs still present in the destruction of upper motor neurons?Yes
  40. 40What can we get with the destruction of upper motor neurons?Spastic paralysis and exaggerated reflexes
  41. 41What happens during spastic paralysis?Ups muscle tone (no muscle atrophy)
  42. 42What happens during exaggerated reflexes? What's an example?e.g. patellar, Achilles; Babinski sign
    Plantar reflex - scratch sole of foot
    -normal = plantar flexion of toes (curl under)
    -Babinski sign = extend big toe (indicates damage to upper motor neurons (except in babies where it's normal - corticospinal tract not yet fully myelinated)
  43. 43What happens with destruction of lower motor neurons?i) loss of reflex arc (no reflex)
    ii) flaccid paralysis (lowers tone, marked muscle atrophy)
    -e.g. Polio (poliomyelitis) = virus destroys cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
  44. 44Where is the area of the brain for language?Areas in left cortex of most people (equivalent areas on right side provide emotional components of language - e.g. tone of voice, gestures)
  45. 45What are the important brain regions for language?1) cortex
    2) Wernicke's area, Broca's area, basal nuclei
    3) areas of the visual and auditory cortex
  46. 46What does the cortex do for language?Concepts and ideas
  47. 47What does Wernicke's area, Broca's area, and basal nuclei do for language?-Make up the language implementation system
    -Analyzes the incoming and produces outgoing work sounds and grammatical structures
  48. 48For language, signals pass from where to where to plan muscle contractions? And what initiates it?From language areas to premotor cortex, primary motor cortex
  49. 49What happens with damage to Wernicke's area?Can't understand spoken or written words --> can speak but words are meaningless or mixed up
  50. 50What happens with damage to Broca's area?Understand words but difficult to speak or write sensibly

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Physiology Karteikarten am Topic VI, erstellt von Emma Granger am 21/03/2017.
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Emma Granger
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