Quiz
Renal Physiology- Physiology PMU- 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
Questions in this quiz (69)
1The nephron:
- Ahas endocrine functions
- Bis lined by a single layer of epithelial cells
- Cis under endocrine control
- Dabsorbs more ions and molecules than it secretes
- Eall of the above
2The control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:
- Athe antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Bthe medulla oblongata
- Cblood plasma
- Dsodium amount in the blood
- Epotassium amount in the blood
3The kidneys have a direct effect on which of the following?
- Ablood pressure
- Bhow much water a person excretes
- Ctotal blood volume
- DpH
- Eall of the above
4Glucose reabsorption occurs in the:
- Aproximal tubule
- Bloop of Henle
- Cdistal tubule
- Dcortical collecting duct
- Emedullary collecting duct
5Renin is secreted by:
- Acells in the macula densa
- Bcells in the proximal tubule
- Ccells in the distal tubule
- Djuxtaglomerular cells
- Ecells in the peritubular capillary bed
6Renin release:
- Ais promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in. the glomeruli
- Bincreases when systemic arterial pressure rises
- Cdirectly activates angiotensin converting enzyme
- Dtends to expand the plasma volume
- Ea and d
7The glomerulus:
- Ahas both afferent and efferent arterioles
- Bcontains capillaries, which are at a higher hydrostatic pressure than the peritubular capillaries
- Cfilters 20% of the renal plasma flow
- Dcontains renin-secreting cells
- Eall of the above
8The acid-buffering power:
- Aof HCO3- in blood is increased by respiratory control of pCO2
- Bof haemoglobin exceeds that of HCO3- in blood
- Cof HCO3- is increased by the action of carbonic anhydrase
- Dof venous blood is normally greater than that of arterial blood
- Ea, b, and d
9Urinary volume is increased with:
- Aconsumption of alcohol
- Bhyperglycemia
- Cincreased aldosterone secretion
- Ddamage to the posterior pituitary
- Ea, b, and d
10The following occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron:
- Areabsorption of all glucose
- Breabsorption of most water
- Cactive reabsorption of sodium
- Dsecretion of bicarbonate
- Ea, b, and c
11The antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
- Adecreases the osmolarity of urine
- Bdecreases the volume of urine
- Cincreases the reabsorption of water in the proximal tubules
- Dis synthesised in the posterior posterior pituitary gland
- Eincreases the excretion of glucose
12Regarding the kidneys:
- Athere are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney
- Bthey produce aldosterone
- Cthey receive 12% of the cardiac output at rest
- Dmore blood flows through the renal cortex than the renal medulla
- Ea, and d
13Which of the following causes hyperkalemia
- Aexercise
- Balkalosis
- Cinsulin injection
- Ddecreased serum osmolality
- Eincreased serum osmolality
14Glucose is reabsorbed:
- Aby active transport
- Bby passive transport
- Cby Na+ co-transport
- Dby H+ counter-transport
- Ea, and c
15Simulation of the sympathetic nerves cause the following effects;
- Alow diuresis
- Bdecreased net filtration pressure
- Cincreased glucose urine level
- Ddecreased glucose urine level
- Ea, and b
16The glomerular capillaries have the following functions:
- Ablood plasma filtration
- Bhormone secretion
- Cwater secretion
- Dformation of primary urine
- Ea, and d
17Obligatory water loss from the body is:
- A400 ml in faeces
- B300 ml from the lungs
- Closs from skin & lungs
- Dinsensible water loss
- E500 ml in urine
18Blood flow at rest is most for:
- Abrain
- Bliver
- Ckidneys
- Dheart
- Eskin
19Renal blood flow is dependent on:
- Ajuxtaglomerular apparatus
- B[Na+] at macula densa
- Cafferent vasodilatation
- Darterial pressure
- Eefferent vasoconstriction
20Which of the following substances has the highest renal clearance?
- APAH
- BGlucose
- CUrea
- DWater
- EInsulin
21The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is:
- Aimpermeable to Na+
- Binvolved in active transport of K+ into the lumen
- Cinvolved in active transport of Cl- out of lumen
- Dinvolved in active transport of Na+ into lumen
- Ehypotonic at the top
22Which of the following ls involved in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
- Ajuxtaglomerular apparatus
- Bafferent arteriolar tone
- Cefferent arteriolar tone
- Dchloride transport at the macula densa
- Eall of the above
23Water excretion by the kidney is due to:
- Aosmosis
- Bactive transport into the lumen
- Cpassive secretion in the collecting tubule
- Dsolvent drag
- Efacilitated diffusion
24Kidneys produce:
- AErythropoietin
- BADH
- CAngiotensin ll
- DANP
- ECholecalciferol
25Increase in GFR occurs when there is:
- Aincreased sympathetic stimulation
- Bdecreased renal blood flow
- Chypoproteinaemia
- Dureteric obstruction
- Enone of the above
26The clearance (or ‘renal regulation') of which one of the following is not regulated by a hormone:
- Asodium
- Bpotassium
- Ccalcium
- Dphosphate
- Esulphate
27The kidneys filter from the blood every day about:
- A1000 ml
- B180 l
- C18 l
- D50 l
- E8 l
28Direct control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:
- Athe antidiuretic hormone
- Bthe medulla oblongata
- Caldosterone
- Dsodium amounts in the blood
- Eadrenal cortex
29Kidneys have a direct effect on which of the following:
- Ablood pressure
- Bhow much water a person excretes
- Ctotal blood volume
- DpH
- Eall of the above
30The countercurrent exchange system includes:
- Aglomerulus and macula densa
- Bproximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
- Cloop of Henle and collecting tubule
- Dafferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
- Eureters and bladder
31Tubular reabsorption of a filtered substance is likely to be active rather than passive if:
- Aits concentration in the tubular fluid is lower than in peritubular capillary blood
- Bis carried out by the mechanism of simple diffusion
- Crenal clearance is lower than that of insulin
- Drenal clearance rises at low plasma levels
- Eosmolality there is higher than the plasma one
32The renal clearance of a substance:
- Ais inversely related to its urinary concentration, U
- Bis directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time
- Cis directly related to its plasma concentration, P
- Dis expressed in mm Hg
- Emust fall in the presence of metabolic poisons
33In the fluid in the distal part of the proximal convoluted tubule:
- Aurea concentration is higher than in Bowman’s capsule
- BpH is less than 6 when the kidneys are excreting an acid urine
- Cglucose concentration is similar to that in plasma
- Dosmolality is about 25 per cent that of glomerular filtrate
- Ebicarbonate concentration is higher than in plasma
34Renal tubules normally reabsorb:
- Afluids with osmolality lower than the plasma one
- Ball filtered HCO3- in respiratory alcalosis
- Csubstances closely related to Cl-
- Dall filtered plasma proteins
- Emore K+ and Cl-
35In the nephron, the osmolarity or the fluid in the:
- ATip of the loop Of Henle is less than that of plasma
- BBowman's capsules is less than that in the distal tubules
- CCollecting duct rises when vasopressin is being secreted
- DProximal convoluted tubule rises along its length
- EProximal tubule is with lower osmolality than plasma one
36Transport maximum (Tm) - limited reabsorption of a substance implies that its:
- Areabsorption is active
- Breabsorption is critically related to tubular transit time
- Creabsorption is passive
- Drenal clearance falls with its plasma concentration
- Ereabsorbtion is carried out by the mechanism of faciliated diffusion
37When a patient’s mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50%
- Arenal blood flow increases
- Bglomerular filtration increases
- Cthere is a decrease in the circulating aldosterone level
- Drenal vasoconstriction occurs
- Eurinary output is increased
38The cells of the distal convoluted tubule:
- Areabsorb about 50 % of the water filtered by the glomeruli
- Breabsorb all filtered aminoacide
- Creabsorb all filtered proteins
- Dreabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions
- Edetermine the final composition of urine
39Renal blood flow falls:
- Aabout 10 % when arterial pressure increases 10% above normal
- Babout 5% when metabolic activity in the kidney falls by 5%
- Cduring emotional stress
- Dafter small haemorrhage
- Egradually from the inner medulla to the outer cortex per unit weight of tissue
40Urea:
- Aand glucose have different molar concentrations in normal blood
- Bclearance is higher, than creatinins one
- Cis actively secreted by the renal tubular cells into the tubular fluid
- Dconcentration in blood may rise ten-fold after a high protein meal
- Ecauses diuresis when its blood concentration is increased
41The renal clearance of:
- AInulin provides an estimate of glomerular filtration rate
- BChloride increases after an injection of aldosterone
- CPAH falls when the PAH load exceeds the Tm for PAH
- DUrea is higher than that of insulin
- EInulin is dependent of its plasma concentration
42Aldosterone:
- Ais a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla
- Bproduction ceases following removal of the kidneys and their juxtaglomerular cells
- Cproduction decreases in treatment with drugs which block angiotensin-converting enzyme
- Dsecretion results in increased potassium reabsorption by the nephron
- Esecretion results in a fall in plasma volume
43In healthy people, urinary:
- Aclearance of glucose differs 0, if its plasma concentration is below 11,1mmol.1-1
- Bosmolality ranges from 200-400 mosmol/litre
- Ccolour is due to small quantities of bile pigments
- DpH falls as dietary protein rises
- Ecalcium excretion is decreased by parathormone
44The renal clearance
- Aglucose is above 0, if the plasma concentration of a given substance is below 11, mmol.1-1
- Bof urea is higher than creatinin‘s one
- Cof glucose provides an estimate of renal plasma flow
- Dof phosphate is decreased by parathormone
- Eof protein is normally zero
45Secretion of renin:
- Aoccurs in the stomach during infancy
- Bis stimulated by the hormone angiotensin 1
- Cis stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood
- Dinhibits the secretion of aldosterone
- Einhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland
46Diabetes insipidus (deficiency of antldiuretic hormone) causes a fall in the:
- Aosmolality of the urine
- Breabsorption of water from the proximal tubules
- Cextracellular but not intracellular fluid volume
- Dextracellular fluid osmolality
- Eintracellular fluid osmolality
47Dialysis fluid used in the treatment of renal failure should contain the normal plasma levels of:
- Aurea
- Bpotassium
- Cosmolarity
- Dplasma proteins
- Ehydrogen ions
48Long-standing obstruction of the urethra may cause:
- Aenlargement of the prostate gland
- Bdystrophy of the bladder muscle
- Cdilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate
- Dincrease and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate
- Ea decrease in residual volume in the bladder
49Emptying of the bladder may be less effective if:
- Athe sympathetic nerves carrying afferent information from bladder to the spinal cord are cut
- Bthe pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered
- Ccholinergic agonists are administered
- Dalpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists are administered
- Ebeta-adrenergic receptor blockers are administered
50Drugs which interfere with active transport of sodium in the proximal tubule tend to increase:
- Aurine production
- Bplasma osmorality
- Cchloride reabsorbtion
- Dintestinal fluid volume
- Eplasma volume
51A drug which inhibits carbonic anhydrase:
- Adecreases bicarbonate formation and reabsorption in the kidney
- Bincreases plasma bicarbonate levels
- Cincreases blood pH
- Dincreases urinary loss of potassium ions
- Eincreases urinary volume and pH
52 A patient with chronic renal failure usually has:
- Aan increased blood urea and blood uric acid
- Ba decreased blood uric acid
- Can increased creatinine clearance
- Dan increased acid-base disturbance when he or she vomits
- Ean increased acid-base problem on a low protein diet
53Cutting the sympathetic nerves to the bladder may cause:
- Adifficulty in emptying the bladder
- Bloss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder
- Closs of tone in the external sphincter of the bladder
- Dincreased pain sensation in the bladder
- Einfertility in the female
54Sudden (acute) renal failure differs from gradual (chronic) renal failure in that:
- Apotassium retention tends to be more severe
- Bblood urea levels tend to be higher
- Cdepression of bone marrow activity is unlikely to occur
- Dmetabolic acidosis is usually not a problem
- Edietary protein restriction is unnecessary
55A long-standing increase in arterial pCO2 (respiratory acidosis) leads to:
- Aan increase in renal bicarbonate formation
- Ba decrease in urinary ammonium salts
- Ca decrease in plasma potassium concentration
- Dan increase of the monohydrogen/dihydrogen phosphate ratio in urine
- Ea decrease in urinary bicarbonate excretion
56The inhibition of the antidiurctic hormone (ADH), say by alcohol, would have what affect?
- Aconstriction of the afferent arteriole
- Binhibition of diuresis
- Cstimulation of water conservation
- Dconstriction of the efferent arteriole
- Ereduction in water conservation by the kidneys
57Reabsorption of amino acids from the filtrate requires many different protein carriers because:
- Adenaturation may occur
- Bthis transport is not competitive
- Cthere are only 10 different amino acids
- Dtransport of amino acids is typically highly specific
- Eglucose inhibits amino acid transport
58Reabsorption (transport) of both N a‘“ and glucose together from the renal lumen is an example of:
- Afacilitated diffusion
- Bsecondary passive transport
- Cprimary direct active transport
- Dsecondary indirect active antiport
- Esecondary indirect active symport
59Drinking a litre of water:
- Aincreases secretion of antidiuretic honnone
- Breduces the plasma sodium concentration
- Cincreases osmolarity of the urine
- Dcauses body cells to shrink
- Edecreases the specific gravity of the body
60An acid-base buffer system:
- Acan be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base
- Bcan be a solution of sodium and bicarbonate ions
- Cprevents any change in pH when acid is added
- Dworks best when acid and base are equal in concentration
- Eis hemoglobin as an example of intracellular buffer
61Acidosis in a patient may lead to:
- Aincreased urinary excretion of potassium
- Bhypoventilation
- Ca blood pH of less than 5.5
- Dan urinary pH of less than 5.5
- Etetany
62A rise in the osmolality of extracellular fluid may lead to:
- Athirst and release of vasopressin
- Bincreased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules
- Ca decrease of vasopressin secretion
- Dan increase in intracellular fluid volume
- Esuppression of sweat secretion
63A raised blood pH and bicarbonate level is consistent with:
- Ametabolic acidosis
- Bpartly compensated respiratory alkalosis
- Ca reduced pCO2
- Dchronic renal failure with a raised pCO2
- Ea history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents
64A patient with partly compensated respiratory acidosis:
- Amust have a raised pCO2
- Bmust have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-]
- Cmay have evidence of renal compensation
- Dmay have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation
- Eall of the above
65Sodium retention:
- Aoccurs for several days after major surgery
- Bexpands the extracellular fluid volume
- Cexpands the blood volume
- Dincreases the severity of oedema
- Eall of the above
66Sodium depletion differs from water depletion in that:
- Acardiovascular changes are less pronounced
- Bintracellular fluid volume is less affected
- Cthe haematocrit increases
- Dthirst is more severe
- Eantidiuretic hormone levels are higher
67A high blood potassium level (hyperkalaemia):
- Aoccurs in acute renal failure
- Bfollows severe crush injuries to the limbs
- Cmay diminish cardiac performance and cause death
- Dmay be reduced by Intravenous infusion of insulin and glucose
- Eall of the above
68A raised level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia):
- Amay occur when parathyrord activity decreases
- Bmay occur when the plasma protein level falls
- Cmay occur in chronic renal failure
- Dincreases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract
- Ecauses increased excitability of nerve and muscle
69Thirst is stimulated by:
- Aincrease in plasma osmolality and volume
- Bincrease in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume
- Cdecrease in osmolality and increase in volume
- Ddecrease in plasma osmolality and volume
- Eincrease in intracelular volume
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