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Viruses

sophiakostich Englisch 59 Karten

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  1. 1How does dsRNA/class three viruses infect its host cell?Virion contains virus-specific RNA dependent RNA polymerase which uses the minus RNA strand as a template for plus strand mRNA synthesis.
  2. 2What kind of virus is class 4?ss plus strand RNA
  3. 3How does ss plus strand RNA infect its host cell?The viral genome ss plus strand RNA serves as mRNA so proteins are translated immediately. Genome encodes specific RNA replicase enzyme to produce RNA minus strand to act as a template for more plus strands.
  4. 4Give two examples of class 4 viruses?Class 4 - ss plus strand RNA. Polio virus and rhinovirus (common cold)
  5. 5What is dual tissue tropism?Where a virus can replicate in 2 different cell types.
  6. 6How does poliovirus infect the body?it enters through the mouth and binds to CD155. Replicates in GI cells and enters blood/lymph. Invades the CNA and replicates in motor neurons causing paralysis and sometimes death.
  7. 7What are the two types of virus that cause the common cold?75% rhinovirus and 25% coronavirus.
  8. 8Why can't common cold be vaccinated against?There are over 115 types of rhinovirus so it is unlikely a vaccination could ever be used/produced.
  9. 9What are class 5 viruses?ss minus strand RNA.
  10. 10How do ss minus strand RNA/class 5 viruses infect host cells?The viral genome is copies into plus strand. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNAs which are translated into proteins and minus strand genomes.
  11. 11What is an example of a class 5/ss minus strand RNA virus?Influenza virus
  12. 12Does influenza virus contain its own RNA replicase?Yes as it is ss minus strand RNA.
  13. 13How does influenza virus replicate?Receptor mediated endocytosis, acid environment in cell causes change in hemaglutinin spikes on virus which induces membrane fusion and uncoating. RNA and polymerase enter nucleus. + strand RNA made from viral RNA replicase. translated. Nucleocapsids assemble.
  14. 14What is class 6 virus?ss plus strand RNA that replicates via a DNA intermediate.
  15. 15What is an example of a class 6 virus?Retrovirus or HIV-1
  16. 16What is a virus?A genetic element that disrupts normal cellular processes for its own replication
  17. 17What is the size of viruses?300nm to 0.02-0.3 micrometeres
  18. 18True or false: viruses are cellular organisms.False - viruses are non cellular as they are just a nucleic acid surrounded by a protective coat. They are non living.
  19. 19Do viruses need a host cell to reproduce?Yes
  20. 20What is a virion?Virion is a virus. Small non cellular non living organism that has to be inside a human to replicated and stops normal cellular processes so it can do so.
  21. 21What is a capsid?The coat that wraps around the nucleic acid of the virus. Its composed of capsomers.
  22. 22What is an envelope?Surrounds the capsid.
  23. 23How can the atomic structure of viruses be visualised?X-ray crystallography.
  24. 24What is a bacteriophage?A virus that replicates and infects from within a bacteria.
  25. 25What are the five steps in the replication cycle of a bacteriophage?Virion attaches, penetrates the bacteria with DNA, Nucleic acid and protein made, assembly and packaging occurs, release of more viruses.
  26. 26What is a temperate phage?A virus that infects a bacteria. It cause lysis of host cell or can become integrated into the cell which is a lysogenic lifestyle.
  27. 27What is lysogenic lifestyle?That of a temperate phage when the virus becomes integrated into the bacteria.
  28. 28What is a virulent phage?Also known as lytic phage that always causes host cell to lyse/die.
  29. 29What kind of phage is responsible for scarlet fever?Lysogenic
  30. 30What is tissue tropism?The ability of a virus to replicate in a particular permissive cell or tissue.
  31. 31What are the three methods used by viruses to insert their genetic material into host cells?Injections through bacterial cell wall, entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis, membrane fusion.
  32. 32Which of the three methods is used by phage?Entry of DNA into bacteria through its cell wall.
  33. 33Which of the three methods of entry of viruses is used by naked animal viruses? Give two examples.Entry via receptor mediated endocytosis. Adenovirus and influenza virus.
  34. 34Which of the three methods of entry is used by enveloped animal viruses?Membrane fusion.
  35. 35Describe the process of membrane fusion of enveloped animal viruses.Viral envelope protein contacts specific cell membrane receptor. The viral envelope fuses with the cell membrane and the nucleocapsid enters the cytoplasm.
  36. 36Give an example of an enveloped animal virus that enters the cell via membrane fusion.HIV, herpes
  37. 37Give an example of a naked animal virus that enters the cell via receptor mediated endocytosis.Adenovirus or influenza
  38. 38How are viruses categoried?According to their virion genome.
  39. 39What are the two genomes of DNA viruses? What classes are they in?ssDNA - class 2 and dsDNA - class 1
  40. 40What class is dsRNA?Class 3
  41. 41What classes are ss plus sense and minus sense RNA?4 and 5 respecively.
  42. 42What is special about class 7 viruses?They are dsDNA viruses that replicated via an RNA intermediate.
  43. 43What is special about class 6 viruses? What kind are they?They are ssRNA plus sense. They replicate via a DNA intermediate.
  44. 44How does a dsDNA class 1 virus infect its host cell?The host cell enzymes transcribe viral DNA into mRNA and translate viral proteins. The hist cell provides DNA polymerase which replicates the viral genome.
  45. 45What is meant by plus strand and minus strand RNA?Plus strand or positive strand means that its a coding strand that can be used for replication/transcription. Minus strand it the non coding strand.
  46. 46True or false: minus strand has to bring its own RNA replicase enzyme to form a plus strand.TRUE
  47. 47What is an example of an enveloped dsDNA/class 1 virus?Herpes virus.
  48. 48How does herpes virus enter the cell?It is a dsDNA/class 1 enveloped virus. The envelope and membrane receptor fuse, nucleocapsid enters the cytoplasm and migrates to the nucleus. Host RNA polymerase transcribes viral mRNA and DNA polymerase for replication
  49. 49What is meant by a lytic virus?An example is herpes. The virus remains latent in the neurons and emerges periodically.
  50. 50What are the three main categories of viral shape?Helical, isocahedral and complex (mixture of the two).
  51. 51Give an example of a helical, isocahedral and complex virus.Helical - rabies
    Isocahedral - human papillomavirus/herpes
    Complex - bacteriophage T4
  52. 52What kind of virus is adenovirus?dsDNA non enveloped class 1 virus.
  53. 53How does adenovirus enter the cell?It enters via receptor mediated endocytosis. The membrane ruptures and virus enters and migrates to the nucleus and is uncoated. Viral DNA-cellular histone complex is formed.
  54. 54Does adenovirus use host RNA polymerase or its own?It uses host RNA polymerase to transcribe viral DNA into mRNA.
  55. 55How are adenovirus nucelocapsids removed from the cell?They assembled and bud through the nuclear membrane acquiring and envelope.
  56. 56How does ssDNA/class 2 virus infect the cell?A complementary strand is synthesised to produce a dsDNA template. This allows mRNA to be transcribed and then translated to release viral proteins.
  57. 57Give an example of a class 2 virus.Canine parvovirus.
  58. 58Do class 2 viruses use their own enzymes for replication and transcription or host cell?Host cell RNA polymerase II
  59. 59True or false: plus strand mRNA is the sense strand and minus strand is antisense.TRUE

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Karteikarten am Viruses, erstellt von sophiakostich am 11/05/2013.
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