Mindmap

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

kat y Spanisch

Inhalt der Mindmap

LEARNERS CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS
- Learners characteristics
  - COGNITIVE
    - Cognitive motoring and metalinguistics awareness
  - ATTITUDINAL
    - Freedom to be silent, modified input
  - CULTURAL
    - Timing, corrective feedback
CROSSLINGUISTICS INFLUENCE
- It refers to how two languages that can affect one another Ex. phonology, syntax, lexis, pragmatic and morphology
  - it can occur
    - Consciously
      - Delay
    - Unconsciously
      - Acceleration
UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
- System of principles, conditions and rules that are elements or properties of all human languages (Chomsky
  - PRINCIPLES: Grammatical rules of all specific languages
    - Acces to UG in SLA
      - Partial L1 is the basis for L2
      - Full acces L2 acquisition is similar to L1
      - No acces UG is no longer available to second language learners
  - PARAMETERS: How every language vary
    - Head parameter: The omission of subject pronoun
    - Pro-drop parameter: The omission of some elements in the language
ATTENTION & MEMORY
- MEMORY: Mind stores and remembers information
  - Short term memory: Receptionist for the brain, it keep 20-30 seconds, store meaningful information
  - Long term memory: Brain's system for storing, managing and retrieving
  - Implicit memory, Priming memory, Procedural memory, Episodic memory, Explicit memory, Semantic memory, Working memory
- ATTENTION: Behavioral and cognitive process of selecting information
  - Perception: The way in which the brain detects information through senses
BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE/LANGUAGE TRANSFER/CAH HYPOTHESIS
- BEHAVIORIST
  - Learning as a process of habits formation
    - Theory suggests that learning is advanced by stimulus-response. Leaning new habits of language.
- CAH
  - Constrastive analysis hypothesis
    - Similarities between two languages
      - Learners will acquire target language with ease
L1 INFLUENCE IN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
- L1 transfer or interference
  - Phonological/lexical/syntactic/pragmatic
    - Positive transfer
      - Features of both language is the same, it result in correct language production
    - Negative transfer
      - The understanding of one language complicates the understanding of another language
MONITOR MODEL
- Introduce by Stephen Krashen, five hypothesis that form the theory
  - 1. The acquisition learning: We acquire a language through exposure just like children do
    - 2. The monitor hypothesis: It is a natural editor that correct or polishes what we have already acquired
      - 3. The natural order: It is a predictable order for learning grammar
        4. The input: We acquire a language when we are exposed to input that is just a little bit beyond what we already know
        5. The affective filter: It is an emotional or mental barrier that prevents language acquisition
INFORMATION PROCESSING
- What is it? Learning starts from controlled processes
  - PROCESS
    - STIMULI
      - SENSORY MEMORY (FORGOTTEN)
        TRANSFER
        SHORT TERM MEMORY
        TRANSFERED-RETRIEVED
        LONG TERM MEMORY
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH
- It plays a significant role
  - Social interaction= Learning and cognitive development
    - Internalization
    - Imitation
    - Mediate learning
      - Mediate agent
    - Scalfolding
      - Temporary help
    - Zone of proximal development
      - What learners can do without help
      - Internalize new concepts
INTERACTING, NOTICING, PROCESSING
- INTERACTING EMPHASIZES ENVIRONMENT
  - Comprehensible input/foreigner talk/feedback
    - Difficulties in communication
- Noticing: learners need to be aware of the input
  - Learn intentionally/by incident
    - Both need awareness
- PROCESSING:ENCODING STORING RETRIEVERING
COMPETITION MODEL
- Psycholinguistic model
  - Connectionism
- Cue validity (condition)
  - Cue strenght (probability)
- Lexical/input/capacity
CONNECTIONISM
- Emphasis on the frequency
- What is innate is simply the ability to learn
- Environment plays an important role