Muscular System

Muscular System

1. Functions of the Muscular System :

   • The main function is to help in body and bones movement. Other function includes : produce body heat, control body fluids, stabilized our joints and maintaining our postures.

2. Structures of the Muscular System

   • 1. Muscle Fibers ( make up muscles from the long and slender cells, Each ,muscle contains fibers that bound together by the connective tissue )
   • 2. Fascia ( a band or sheet of connective tissue that separates, envelops or beneath the skin to bind together muscles or group of muscles to allow the muscles to move flexibly. )
   • 3. Tendons ( is a tough band of nonelastic with fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.)

3. Types of Muscle Tissue

   • 1. Skeletal Muscle ( attached to the bones of skeleton and control body motion ) / Voluntary Muscles ( when nervous system give signals to contract muscle,group of muscles will work together to move the skeleton) / also known as Striated Muscles ( the dark and light bands in the muscle create a striped appearance if we see under a microscope)
   • 2. Smooth Muscles ( stay in the walls of hollow organs, respiratory passageways and blood vessels to control and move the fluids through these structures) Also known as Involuntary muscles ( because they are under control) , Unstriated muscle and Visceral Muscles (because they are located in internal organ such as digestive and urinary system)
   • 3. Myocardial Muscle / Myocardium / Cardiac Muscle ( creates constant rhythmic pulsing for heart to Pumps blood through the body from the signs of brain. Which means its act as involuntary muscle. )

4. Muscle Contraction and Relaxion

   • 1. Muscle Innervation ( Motor Nerve transmitted the impulse to the muscle and enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract. Muscles will relax when the stimulation stop. If nerve impulse have injury or disease, the muscle unable to function properly. for example can be paralyzed. )
   • 2. Antagonistic Muscle Pairs ( refers to pairs of muscle that create specialized cells that can change the length or shape by contracting and relaxing )
     • i. Contractions ( refers to tightening muscles, the belly of muscle will enlarge as the muscle contracts and become shorter and thicker. )
     • ii. Relaxation ( muscle will back to it origin shape because whenmuscle relaxes, it becomes thinner and longer and the belly cannot enlarged.)

5. Constructing Muscle Motion

   • 1. Abduction and Adduction
     • Abduction ( the limbs will moves outward and away from the mid line of the body)
     • Adduction (The limbs moves toward the mid line of the body)
   • 2. Flexion and Extension
     • Flexion ( refers to a limb that bending at the joint to decrease the angle between two bones)
     • Extension ( Straightening out the limb to increase the angle between two bones)
     • Hyperextension ( happen when the limb or any part of body is over extension or extreme beyond its normal limit)
   • 3. Elevation and Depression
     • Elevation ( Lifting a body part)
     • Depression (lowering a body part)
   • 4. Rotation and Circumduction
     • Rotation ( circular movements that allow the bones rotate around its own axis through the center of the body) eg: shoulder joint.
     • Circumduction ( swinging motion of the far end of the arm)
     • Rotator Muscle (turns a body part on its axis) while Rotator Cuff ( is a group of muscles that provide strength and stability during motion of shoulder)
   • 5. Supination and Pronation
     • Supination ( an anatomical term of motion for the rotation of forearm or foot to turn forward and upward )
     • Pronation ( Allows the forearm and foot to make rotation to downward or backward)
   • 6. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
     • Dorsiflexion (refers to the flexion of foot in upward direction )
     • Plantar Flexion ( movement of the foot and toes towards the sole )

6. How Muscles are Named

   • 1. Named for their Origin and insertion
     • Origin ( refers to the location muscle begins where muscle are less movable)
     • Insertion ( refers to muscles ends by attaching to bone or tendon, the muscle is more movable)
   • 2. Named for their Action ( for example flexion or extension of muscle)
   • 3. Named for their location
     • i. Pectoralis Major ( located on the anterior chest wall)
     • ii. Lateralis ( Toward the side of the body)
     • iii. Medialis ( Toward the center of the body)
   • 4. Named for Fiber Direction
     • i. Oblique ( slanted or at an angle)
     • ii. Rectus ( Straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body)
     • iii. Sphincter ( is a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageways)
     • iv. Transverse ( in a crosswise direction)
   • 5. Named for number of divisions
     • (i)Biceps Brachili ( formed from two divisions) (ii) Triceps Brachili ( where its formed from three divisions) these muscles are flex and extend the upper arm.
   • 6. Named for their size or shape ( whether the muscle are broad or narrow , or large or small)
   • 7. Named for a strange reasons
     • eg: Hamstring group ( located at the back of the upper leg and consists of three separate muslces

7. Select Muscles and their Functions

   • 1. Muscles of Head
     • i. Frontalis (Muscle is in the forehead)
     • ii. Temporalis ( Muscle that help to moves jaw up and back to close the mouth)
     • iii. Masseter ( on of the strongest muscle in the body, move the jaw when chewing )
   • 2. Muscle of the Trunk
     • i. Pectoralis Major ( in the male its make up the bulk of chest muscle, while in female it lies under the breast)
     • ii. External and Internal Oblique Muscles ( located in abdomen, external flex and rotate the vertebral column while internal flex the spine and supports the abdominal contents )
     • iii. Rectus Abdominis ( helps flex the trunk, guide breathing and supports the spines)
     • iv. Transverse abdominis ( located on the side of the abdomen, engaged when a person laughs/ coughs )
   • 3. Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms
     • i. Deltoid ( forming a muscular cap of shoulder)
     • ii. Trapezius ( Where the muscles moves the head and shoulder blade )
     • iii. Biceps Bachili ( located in the anterior upper arm, helps flexes the elbow)
     • iv. Triceps Barchili ( located in the posterior upper arm, help to extends the elbow)
   • 4. Muscles of the Legs
     • i. Rectus Femoris ( extends the leg at the knee )
     • ii. Quadriceps Femoris (4 muscles form together to flex and extend the leg at the knee )
     • iii. Hamstring group ( involved knee flexion and hip extension )
     • iv. Gastrocnemius ( the calf muscle that flexes knee and bends the foot downward)

8. Medical Specialties related to the Muscular System

   • 1. Exercise Physiologist (promoting physical fitness)
   • 2. Neurologist ( Specializes in treating paralysis and similar muscular disorders)
   • 3. Occupational Therapist (OT) ( helps patients to be active in daily life activities)
   • 4. Physiatrist ( specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation focus on restoring function)
   • 5. Physical Therapist ( Provides treatment to prevent disability with exercise,heat or massage )
   • 6. Sports Medicine Physician ( Specializes in treating sports-related injuries)

Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap