Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. Types of organic reactions

   • Addition reaction Substitution reaction Condensation reaction Elimination reaction Redox reaction All in page 84-85 in orange chemistry book.

2. Alcohols

   • See pages 109-122 in orange chemistry book. -OH bonds, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Between one and twelve carbon atoms the alcohols are liquids at room temperature. Primary alcohols oxidise to aldehydes then further into carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols oxidise into ketones. Tertiary alcohols do not oxidise.

3. Haloalkanes

   • See pages between 123-129 BP increases with increasing molar mass for corresponding halogen atoms.

4. Amines

   • See pages between 130-133 The simplest amines are gases and have an 'ammonia' smell. Most of the higher members are liquids with a 'fishy' smell but some very high molecular mass compounds are solids.

5. Aldehydes

   • See pages between 134-145 in orange chemistry book. Small chain aldehydes have higher BP than alkanes of comparable molar mass.

6. Ketones

   • See pages between 134-145 in orange chemistry book. Same properties as aldehydes.

7. Carboxylic acids

   • see pages between 146-152 in orange chemistry book. Carboxylic acids with 1-10 carbon atoms are colourless liquids with pungent odours.

8. Esters

   • See pages between 153-167 in orange chemistry book. Esters are colourless liquids with very little polarity and as a result have low melting and boiling points.

9. Acyl chlorides

   • See pages between 168-172 in orange chemistry book. Small chain acyl chlorides are colourless liquids with pungent, irritating odours.

10. Amides

    • See pages between 173-175 in orange chemistry book. Apart from methanamide, all primary amides are solids with strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. Due to this bond amides have relatively high boiling points for primary and secondary amides and amides with 1-5 carbon atoms have relatively high solubility.

11. Polymers

    • See pages between 176-183 in orange chemistry book. Polymers are macromolecules made up of a large number of simple repeating units linked together by covalent bonds.