Grammar

Grammar

1. Reference grammar

   • A prose-like description of the major grammatical constructions in language
     • Index
       • Body
         • Introduction
         • Bibliography
           • List of abbreviations
   • Designed to teach the language and give readers a reference tool for looking up specific details of the language.
   • Organized according to universal structural categories

2. Pedagogical grammar

   • Develop for learners of a foreign language
     • Descriptive models of grammar
   • Designed to teach how to use the language
   • Organized according to usefulness and ease of learning

3. Language usage: rules for making language

4. Language use: communicative meaning

5. The study of what forms are possible in a language.

   • Theories of second language acquisition
     • Traditional grammar: defined primarily as a set of forms and structures which comprise the main focus of the textbook syllabus
     • Communicative grammar: language as the process of communicating messages in actual contexts.
     • Acquisition-based: unconscious language acquisition
     • Language awareness: learners should be guided towards focusing on aspects of language and be encouraged to use various cognitive strategies
     • Comparative grammar: comparison of grammatical structures of related languages
     • Generative grammar: set of rules that indicate the structure and interpretation of sentences which native speakers of a language accept as belonging to the language.
     • Mental grammar: stored in the brain allowing a speaker to produce language that others can understand
     • Performance grammar: centers attention on language production
     • Theoretical grammar: the study of the essential components of any human language
     • Traditional grammar: the collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the structure of the language.
     • Transformational grammar: accounts for the construction of a language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures
     • Universal grammar: system of categories, operations, and principles shared by all human languages and considered to be innate.
     • Word grammar: a theory that holds that grammatical knowledge is largely a body of knowledge about words.
     • Relational grammar: syntactic operations are used to define grammatical processes.
     • Cognitive grammar: emphasizes symbolic and semantic definitions of theoretical concepts.
   • Syntax
   • Morphology