Mindmap
Changing Urban Environments
Inhalt der Mindmap
Changing Urban Environments
Urbanisation
- Is the growth in the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas
- More than 50% of the world's population are living in cities
- Caused by rural-urban migration
- in poorer countries this occurs because:
- shortage or services in rural areas
- more jobs in urban areas
- better standard of living in urban areas
- in richer countries because
- 18th/19th centuries - industrialisation
- late 20th century= run-down inner city areas- redevelopment leads to moving back
- Young people are drawn into cities to find work
- in poorer countries this occurs because:
Cities
- CBD
- commercial centre
- few people live here
- high land value
- The suburbs
- Cheaper
- commuters
- Less crime
- The inner City
- poor quality housing
- newer housing with redevelopment
- deprived
- Rural-urban fringe
- fewer, larger houses
- farming and factories
- The land use of a city can change over time
- Shopping centres in out-of-town locations
- New housing on brownfield sites
- removal of inner city tower blocks
- CBD
Urban Issues
- Shortage of housing
- More housing needed
- urban renewal schemes
- New towns e.g. Milton Keynes 1970
- Relocation Incentives
- bigger to smaller houses
- e.g. Hackbridge
- More housing needed
- Run down CBD
- revitalise
- attract people back
- pedestrianisation
- improve access- public transport and parking
- Improving public parks and squares to make them more attractive
- e.g. London Docks
- e.g. Portas Plan
- attract people back
- revitalise
- Traffic congestion and pollution
- e.g. Boris Bikes
- Air pollution
- road accidents
- too many cars
- e.g. London comgestion charge
- bus lanes
- cycle lanes- super-highway East end
- Ethnic segregation
- e.g. Notting Hill Carnival
- strategy
- Brings people form different cultures together
- why?
- live near places of worship
- live in areas of same language
- ethnic enclaves
- strategies
- interpreters
- suitable services
- involve in decision making
- e.g. Notting Hill Carnival
- Shortage of housing
Squatter Settlements
- built illegally in and around the city
- problem in poor countries
- rural-urban migration leads to them
- badly built
- overcrowded
- basic services
- no electricity or sewage systems
- disease
- also classes favelas or shanty towns
- WAYS TO IMPROVE
- Self-help schemes
- gov. and local people
- supplies given to build their own homes
- Site and service
- low rent, borrow money to buy materials to improve house or plot
- rent used for basic services for the area
- Local authority schemes
- funded by gov.
- improving temporary accommodation
- e.g. Favela-Biarro Project
- Self-help schemes
Environmental Issues
- caused by rapid urbanisation and industrialisation
- Waste Disposal
- poorer countries
- can't afford safe disposal
- toxic waste- expensive
- lack of infrastructure
- poor roads in favelas
- lorries = no access
- poor roads in favelas
- Huge scale
- Air and water pollution
- Air
- acid rain
- buildings damaged
- health problems
- bronchitis
- destroys ozone layer
- management
- set air quality standards
- monitor levels
- acid rain
- Water
- kills fish
- disrupts food chains
- fish poisoned- effects those who eat them
- contamination of water supplies
- sewage
- disease e.g. tyhpoid
- sewage
- management
- laws- factories and pollutants
- sewage treatment
- Air
Sustainable Cities
- meeting the needs of the current generation without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- build on brownfield sites
- conserve natural env. and historic buildings
- carbon-neutral homes
- efficient public transport
- reduce waste and safe disposal
- sustainable urban living
- e.g. Hackbridge
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Mindmap am Changing Urban Environments, erstellt von Holly Waltham am 26/05/2015.
- Erstellt von
- Holly Waltham
- Aufrufe
- 11
- Bewertung