The Chemistry of Life

The Chemistry of Life

1. Atom

   • It is the basic unit of matter. It is made of sub-atomic particles
   • Protons
     • It is one of the three sub-atomic particles that make up Atom.
     • It has positive charge
     • 1 atomic mass unit
   • Neutrons
     • It is one of the three sub-atomic particles that make up Atom.
     • It has no charge
     • 1 atomic mass unit
   • Electron
     • It is one of the three sub-atomic particles that make up Atom.
     • 0.0005 atomic mass unit
     • It has negative charge
   • Stucture
     • Always 2 electron on the first level.
   • Isotopes
     • Atoms of different elements that in the number of neutrons

2. Chemical Bond

   • The bond that held Atoms together.
   • Covalent Bond
     • examples
       • C02
     • share eletron
   • Ionic Bond
     • Transfer eletron
     • example
       • Nace

3. Compound

   • 2 or more different elements
   • Example
     • O2

4. Properties of water

   • Water molecule
     • Structure
       • Oxygen
       • Hydrogen
       • fuction
         • polar
           • Polar is a molecule that has uneven charges
       • Hydrogen-bonding
         • The attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atom on the water molecule is hydrogen bonding
         • Weaker than covalent and ionic
   • unique properties
     • It is cause by polarity and Hydrogen bonding.
     • High specific heat capacity
       • It takes more energy to heat it up
     • Cohesion
       • It is an attraction between molecules of same substance.
       • Water stick to itself
     • Adhesion
       • It is an attraction between molecules of different substance.
       • Water sticks to other things
   • PH
     • It stands for Potential hydrogen
     • Acid
       • An acid is any compound that form H+ ions in solution
     • Base
       • A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution.
     • PH Scaale
     • Neutral
       • It has the ph of 7. 

5. Carbon Compounds

   • Chemistry of Carbon
     • Stable
     • Can bond with 4 other elements
   • Structure
     • Rings
     • Chains
     • Branches

6. Macromolecules

   • Polymers
     • It means many units join together
   • Monomers
     • It is singer unit

7. Biological molecules

   • Carbohydrates
     • Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1. It is short term energy.
   • Lipids
     • Lipids are insoluble. It is made form carbon and hydrogen atoms. It is long term energy.
     • triglycerides
       • A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. 
     • steroids
       • A steroid is an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific configuration.
     • phospholipids
       • Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic.
       • Fitty acids
         • Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. 
         • Saturated
         • Untaturated
   • Proteins
     • Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
   • Nucleic acids
     • Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
     • DNA
       • Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
     • RNA
       • RNA is a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. 

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