Population Change

Population Change

1. Reasons for distribution of global population

   • Climate
     • Extreme conditions
       • Deserts, Rainforests etc.
         • leads to lack or excess of resources needed to live in
           • leads to area being more sparsely populated if populated at all
     • Temperate climate
       • Leads to countries being able to grow crops
         • leads to area being more densely populated
   • land
     • Low lying land
       • Fertile soil
         • crops can be grown
           • leads to area being more densely populated
     • High lying land (mountainous)
       • Infertile land
         • No crops can be grown
           • Not many people live or work there
   • Resources
     • Abundance of natural resources
       • Coal, oil, iron etc.
         • Leads to resources being used in industry by people
           • leads to area being more densely populated
     • No resources
       • leads to area being more sparsly populated
   • Jobs
     • More jobs
       • Normally better economy
         • Leads to better pay
           • leads to area being more densely populated
     • Not many jobs
       • Economy usually not good
         • Leads to pay being lower
           • Leads to area being more sparsely populated
   • Transport links
     • Mountainous areas
       • Don't have good transport links
         • leads to area being more sparsely populated
     • Low lying land
       • Has better transport links
         • leads to area being more densely populated

2. Demographic model of transition

   • Stage 1
     • Birth rate is high
     • Death rate is high
     • Population fluctuates but stays relatively stable
   • Stage 2
     • Birth rate remains high
     • Death rate begins to fall
     • The population rapidly increases
   • Stage 3
     • Birth rate begins to fall
     • Death rate falls slower
     • The population still increases but less rapidly
   • Stage 4
     • Birth rate low
     • death rate low
     • The population then increases slowly
   • Stage 5
     • Birth rate is low
     • Death rate is low
     • The population slowly decreases

3. China Case Study

   • Incentives
     • Cash bonuses
     • Better education for the children
     • Given free medical care
     • Better housing
   • Disincentives for more than 1 child
     • Sacked from your job
     • Lost all incentives
     • They were monitored
   • Effects of the policy
     • The population growth rate is now 0.7%
     • Most families wanted a boy and so some aborted females
       • Men outnumber women
         • 60million : 1
     • Falling birth rate
       • Ageing population
         • workforce is smaller
   • Exceptions
     • rural areas
       • Second child allowed after 5 years
         • Usually only if child 1 was a girl

4. Singapore

   • 3 or more children policy
     • They had a low birth rate before
       • Lead to fear of lack of workers in the future
     • Incentives
       • $3000 given for first 2 children
         • $6000 given for each of next 2 children
       • Fathers get 3 days paternity leave for first 4 kids
       • Mothers are allowed 3 months of maternity leave
       • Given spacious apartments
       • Allowed access to best schools
       • Access to best nurseries
     • Disincentives
       • 2 or less children
         • Don't receive any government benefits
         • Limited to 3 room flat
         • Don't get to pick schools they go to
           • Education may suffer

5. Where is densely populated in the world

   • Even though population is unevenly spread
     • The Northern hemisphere is more densely populated

6. Where is sparsely populated

   • Even though population is unevenly spread
     • Southern hemisphere is more sparsely populated

7. Reasons for changes to death rate.

   • Medical
     • New treatments are being invented
     • People are becoming more aware of the link between unhealthy eating and early death
     • Death rate is falling in HIC's
   • Social
     • People are living in more hygienic conditions
       • Things like Sewage systems and tap water
         • lowers death rate
   • Economic
     • Poverty stricken areas
       • Have higher death rates
       • Some areas in HIC's are still in poverty
   • Political
     • LIC's Governments have invested in hygiene
       • Such as clean drinking water
         • Leads to lower death rates

8. Reasons for the changes in Birth rates

   • Medical
     • Better access to health care
       • Children are getting inoculated against childhood diseases
         • Fewer children are being born
   • Social
     • Women are being educated about ways to control fertility
       • Leads to lower birth rate
     • The average marriage age has risen
       • There is less time to have children
   • Economic
     • Children cost lots to feed and clothe
       • People prefer to provide more for 1 child than less for 2
         • Birth rate decreases
   • Political
     • Policies that are introduced (China/Singapore) to change birth rate

9. Factors affecting population density in China

   • Human factors
     • The coastal areas are densely populated
       • Because of the good trade links
   • Physical factors
     • The east of China is densely populated
       • Because of fertile floodplains of rivers (Yangtze)
     • West of the country is sparsely populated
       • The Gobi desert is in the west
         • Conditions aren't right for growing crops
       • The Atai mountains are in the west
         • Conditions aren't right for growing crops

10. Factors affecting population density in the UK

    • Human Factors
      • Aberdeen
        • Densely populated
          • Because of the oil industry in the area in the North Sea
      • South Wales
        • Densely populated
          • Because of natural resources are in abundance
            • Coal, Oil, Gas, iron ore and Limestone
    • Physical Factors
      • Coastal towns
        • Densely populated
          • Warmer climates
            • Popular with retired people
      • The Highlands
        • Sparsly populated
          • Mountainous area
            • is too old and wet to grow crops
            • Bad transport links

11. Ageing Population in Japan

    • Disadvantages
      • Health Care
        • More people living in nursing homes
        • New health insurance policy introduced in 2008
          • For over 75's that have been in hospital over 100 days
      • Pensions
        • Retirement age is rising
      • Workforce
        • The number of people at working age is decreasing
        • Staff at Tokyo's subway are mostly pensioners
    • Advantages
      • The Greying Yen
        • Retired people in Japan are spending more money on luxury goods
          • Lead to greater employment and growth in the economy
      • Advancements in technology