1_ANCIENT GREECE

1_ANCIENT GREECE

1. THE ORIGINS OF GREEK CIVILIZATIONS

   • THE NATURAL ENVIROMENT
     • THE GREEK SPEAKING WORLD WAS ORIGINALLY CALLED HELLAS:BLAKAN PENINSULA ISLANDS ASIA MINOR
   • PERIODS OF GREEK HISTORY
     • ARCHAIC PERIOD 9-6 CENTURY BC
     • CLASSICAL 5-4 BC
     • HELENISTIC 4-1 BC
   • PRE-HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION
     • MINOAN CRETE
     • MYCENAE
     • DARK AGE

2. ARCHAIC GREECE

   • THE POLIS
     • FROM THE 8 CENTURY , THE GREEKS LIVED IN CITY STATES RICH PRIEVILEGED MINTORITY WAS ARISTOCRACY SPARTA WERE AN EXAMPLE
     • DEMOCRACY REPLACED ARISTOCRACY IN SOME POLEIS ATHENS WAS A EXAMPLE OF DEMOCRACY
   • WHAT WERE COLONIES?
     • BETWEEN THE 8 AND 6 THE GREEKS ESTABLISHED IN COLONIES
       • OVERPOPULATION
         • POPULATION INCREASED IN GREECE
       • THE ECONOMY
         • COLONIES WERE CREATED TO PROMOTE TRADE. AGRICULTURE, AND MINING FOR PRECIOUS METALS
   • GREEK EXPANSION
     • THERE WERE TWO STAGES IN GREEK OVERSEAS EXPANSION
       • WEST
       • EAST

3. THE CLASSICAL AGE:ATHENS AND SPARTA

   • WHAT WAS THE CLASSICAL AGE?
     • THE CLASSICAL AGE DEVELOPED IN THE 5 AND EARLY4 CENTURIES BC IN THEIS PERIOD, THE POLEIS OF ATHENS AND SPART WERE THE DOMINANT POWERS
   • DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS
     • FROM THE 7TH CENTURY BC, LAWMAKERS LIKE SOLON INTRODUCED POLITICALS REFORMS IN ATHENS ATHENS BECAME A DEMOCRACY
       • EKKLESIA
       • BOULE
       • MAGISTRATES
       • LAW COURTS
   • OGLIRACHY IN SPARTA
     • SPARTA WAS THE GREAT RIVAL OF ATHENS SPARTANS SPENT MOST OF THEIR TIME PREPARING FOR WARFARE,
       • TWO KINGS
       • GEROUSIA
       • EPHORS
       • ASSEMBLY

4. WAR IN ANCIENT GREECE

   • THE PERSIAN WARS
     • iIN THE 6 CENTURY BC , THE PERSIANS CONQUERED MANY OF MANY OF THE POLEIS IN ASIA MINOR AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN.THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE PERSIAN WARS
       • THE FIRST PERSIAN WAR
         • ENDED WHEN THE GREEK SOLDIERS. OR HOPLITES, DEFEATED THE PERSIAN AT THE BATTLE OF MARATHON IN 490 BC
         • KING XERXES I OF PERSIA BEGAN THE SECOND PERSIAN WAR IN480 BC .HE INVADED GREECE , BUT WAS DEFEATED AT THE BATTLE OF SALAMISIN 480
   • THE PELOPPONESIAN WAR
     • UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ATHENS, MANY POLEIS FORMED A UNION CALLED THE DELIAN LEAGUE IN477 BC ITS AIM WAS TO DEFEND THE CITY STATES THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL DOMINATION OF ATHENS THREATENED OTHER POLEIS, SUCH AS SPARTA . SOME POLEIS SUPPORTED SPARTA IN THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE, WHICH OPPOSED THE DELIAN LEAGUE OF ATHENS AND ITS ALLIES THE TWO SIDES FOUGHT AGAINST EACH OTHER IN THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, WICH BROKE OUTI IN 431 BC
   • ALEXANDER THE GREAT
     • MACEDON WAS A MOUNTAINOUS MINGDOM, NORTH OF GREECE, THE MACEDONIANS WERE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY GREEK CULTURE IN THE MID-4TH CENTURY BC , KING PHILIP II OF MACEDON TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE GREEK POLEIS, AFTER MANY YEARSPHILIP WAS ASSESINATED IN336BC PHILIP'S SON ALEXANDER CONTINUED HIS CONQUESTS BETWEEN 334 AND 323 ALEXANDER DEFEATED THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

5. SOCIETY AND ECONOMY

   • AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY
     • GREEK SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS CITIZENS AND NOT CITIZENS
       • CITYZENS
         • WERE A MINORITY OF THE POPULATION:ONLY ADULT MEN WERE CITIZENS
       • NON CITYZENS
         • METICS
           • WERE FREE
         • SLAVES
           • WERE NOT FREE
         • WOMEN
           • WERE FREE OR SLAVES
   • ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
     • THERE WERE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
       • AGRICULTURE
       • LONG DISTANCE TRADE
       • LOCAL COMERCE
       • CRAFTS
   • DAILY LIFE IN ANCIENT GREECE
     • FOOD
       • THEY EAT VEGETABLES EGGS CHEESE ECT... THEY EAT MEET IN SPECIAL OCATIONS
     • CLOTHING
       • BOTH WOMEN AND MEN WORE LONG TUNICS . IN WINTER THEY USUALLY WORE LEATHER SANDALS ON THERIR FEET
     • HOUSES
       • WEALTHY FAMILIES LIVED IN HOUSES WITH ONE OR TWO LEVELS. WOMEN CALLED THE GYNAIKONITIS. POOR PEPOLE LIVED IN SMALL HOUSES MADE OF WOOD , BRICKS OR MUD BRICK

6. RELIGION AND CULTURE

   • GODS AND HEROES
     • THE GREEKSWRE POLYTHEISTIC . EACH CITY STATE HAD A GOD
       • GODS
         • WERE-IMMORTAL,BUT LOOKED HUMAN. LICKE HUMANS THEY LOVED AND FOUGHT WITH EACH OTHER
           • HADES
             • UNDERWORLD
           • ZEUS
             • KING OF GODS
           • ARES
             • WAR
           • POSEIDON
             • SEA
       • HEROES
         • WERE BORN FROM THE UNION OF A GOD AND A HUMAN BING
       • MYTHS
         • GREEK MYTHS WERE COLOURFUL STORIES ABOUT ALL THESE GODS AND HEROES THEY FEATURED FANTASTIC CREATURES
   • RELIGIOUS CULTS
     • AS THE GODS HAD THE SAME NEEDS AS HUMAN BEINGS. THE GREEKS BELIEVED THAT THEY HAD TO GIVE THEM FOOD AND WEALTHE
   • GREEK PHYLOSOPY
     • THE CIVILISATIONS OF MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPS USED MYTHS TO EXPLAIN THE WORLD THE TREE GREATEST GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
       • SOCRATES
       • PLATO
       • ARISTOTLE

7. ARCHITECTURE

   • TEMPLES
     • GREEK TEMPLES WERE USUALLY BUILT IN WHITE MARBLE HOWEVER , THEY WERE ORIGINALLY PAINTED IN BRIGHT COLOURS. WHICH GRADUALLY DISPPEARD
       • PRONAOS
       • NAOS
       • OPISTHODOMOS
   • THE THREE ORDERS
     • THE GREEKS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT PROPOTION BEAUTY AND HARMONY THEIR ARCHITECTS FOLLOWED STRICT RULES. CALLED ORDERS,WHICH DETERMINED THE STYLE OF A BUILDINGTHE THREE ORDERS WERE:
       • IONIC
       • DORIC
       • CORINTHIAN
   • THE PARTHENON
     • THE PARTHENON WAS BUILT IN ATHENS IN THE 5 CENTURY BC IT REPLASED AN EARLIER TEMPLE INSIDE THE TEMPLE THERE WAS A HUGE STATUE FO ATHENA BY THE SCULPTOR PHIDIAS
       • THE OUTSIDE WALLS WERE DECORATED WITH RELIEFS OF THE PANATHENAIC PROCESSION
       • THE STATUE OF THE GODDESS ATHEN WAS MADE OF GOLD AND IVORY
       • METOPES WERE SQUARE PANELS WITH RELIEFS THEY WERE PLACED

8. SCULPTURE

   • SCULPTURE
     • GREEK SCULPTURES AND RELIEFS USUALLY REPRESENTED GODS AND HEROES AND WERE MADE FOR TEMPLES
       • REPRESENT HUMAN BEAUTY
       • IN MARBLE AND BRONZE
       • MOST GREEK BROZE SCULTURES HAVE DISPERSSAED
     • GREEK SCULPTURE EVOLVED OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME
       • ARCHAIC
       • CLASSICAL
       • HELLENISTIC