World Cities

World Cities

1. Urbanisation

   • Mumbai
     • Dhavari
       • Issues
         • Solutions
           • Bandra Kurla Complex
             • 200000 jobs
             • £300000/yr
           • Vision Mumbai 2004
             • Increase economic growth by 8%
               • 300 toilets
               • Restores 330 open spaces
               • 200000 moved from the slums
             • Rainwater harvesting systems
             • New Metro Line
         • Over 1million people in area of 2km
           • 500/toilet
           • Only 30% with health care
           • 50% have no access to clean water
             • 4000 cases of thyphoid/day
           • 3500 die on railway each year
         • 10 times particulate count
         • Landfill with 300,000 rag pickers
       • Positives
         • Over 15000 factories worth $700 million
         • Recycles over 80% of its waste
         • Recycling worth $1.5 million and employs 10000
     • Over 21million people
       • 60% live in slums
         • Rent is £2 in slums compared with the £40 in the city while income averages £12
           • Rents for suburban apartments higher than in London/New York
           • Call workers only earn $5000/yr
       • +1000 migrant per day
     • Indias largest port where 40% of there exports travel from
       • 20% of Indias manufacturing with 10% of all its factories
         • Transport: 2 transcontinental railways
       • 40% of international flights
   • World City = city that acts as a center for trade, business, science and culture.
     • Megacity = a city with a population over 10 million eg, Mumbai, Tokyo... Currently 28 across the world.
     • Alpha++ : New York, London, Tokyo
       • Alpha+: Paris, Hong Kong, Beijing
         • Alpha: Brussels, Mumbai, LA
         • 25% of Frances GDP from Paris
       • 40% of UK's GDP from London

2. Suburbanisation

   • Retail Centers
     • Trafford
       • Positives
         • Easy access via the M60 and M62
           • 11500 free parking spaces
             • 1600 seat food court
               • Over 280 shops including chain stores (eg, Selfridges)
                 • Over 8% in catchment
                   • Metro link with 40 runs/hr
                 • 20 screen cinema
                   • Climbing wall,
                     • Laser Quest
                     • Football courts
                     • Indoor Skydiving (Airkix)
                       • Chill Factor
         • Provides over 8000 jobs
           • Royal Childrens Hospital
         • Encouraged renewable in the city center of Altringham
       • Negatives
         • Over 80% drive - exclusive to drivers
         • Vacancies increased in Altringham to 37% (3x average)and many local shops displaced
           • Investment in the city center decreased for a time
         • Cost an initial £600 million
           • Worth £13 million/yr
   • Los Angeles
     • International Airport (6th most used in world)
       • Over half a million arrived in 40 yrs
         • Now over 21 million in population (conurbation)
     • Hollywood appeal, Disneyland, Universal Studios
     • Californian SunBelt
     • Issues
       • Half of the water lost
         • Nearly 900 golf courses which use 900 mil gallons of water
       • Produces 50,000 tonnes are waste/yr
       • Only 10% use public transport (4x less than in London)
         • 2 hrs from outskirts to CBD
       • Donut city effect with run down center. High dereliction, crime, vacancies and dormitory housing
     • Electric Tramway
     • Green, open space
     • PLAN cost $2.2 bn and is helping to increase renewables from 20% to 33%, build a BRT, restore brownfield sites, increase parks and build affordable housing. Has helped to improve tourism.
     • Oil, car (Ford) and aircraft industry
   • Suburbiton
     • Attractions include transport link (18 mins to London), Close to the A3, quality housing and state schools and parks
     • Issues
       • 70% car ownership causes congestion
       • 40% drive to work every day increasing pollution
       • House prices are 2x average
       • London Travel Zone 6 = train fares are expensive
     • Solutions
       • Travel Zone 5
       • New bike storage units and pedestrian access
       • Parking bays and set delivery times

3. Counter Urbanisation

   • St. Ives (Cambridgeshire)
     • Reasons
       • 70 miles north of London
         • Electric Railway taking only 45 mins to London
         • A14 to London
         • Over 25% commute to London
       • Attractive with the River Ouse
     • Issues
       • Over 1000 new houses at risk from flooding
       • House prices increased from£130000 to £290000 in 10 yrs
       • Demand for new housing and conversions along the River
       • Pressure on local schools and nurseries
       • Local corner shops being replaced by chain brands
     • Management
       • 200 new homes approved. 75 affordable eg social rents or low-cost ownership
       • 240 places in local primary school and more jobs for teachers
       • Employment in local stores
       • Flood protections of embankments and wallscosting £8.8 million
       • £116 million guided busway and new electrified train station
   • aka Rural Urban Turnaround

4. Redevelopment

   • Gentrification
     • Islington and Notting Hill
       • Old Victorian and Georgian housing
         • Close to Londons city center
           • Initial pricing to buy cheap
           • Nearby Angel Underground station
       • Effects
         • From £130000 to over 4x as expensive in 20 yrs
           • Locals displaced by higher costs and social housing up to 50%
             • Local businesses closed as replaced by brand stores
         • Wealth gap one of highest
           • 8th most deprived area
             • 2nd highest child poverty
             • High unemployment and high crime
         • Ownership from just 7% to 34% in 50 yrs
         • Professionals in area increased 27% in 10 yrs
         • More stores complying to the London living wage of £8.30/hr
   • New East Manchester URC and Partnership
     • Sport Led via the 2004 Common Wealth
       • New Veledrome, National Squash Center, Olympic swimming pool
         • Sport City with 10 new urban parks and 12 community gardens
           • Sport City Link with 3 Metro Lines
           • Surrounding Gentrification in New Islington with 5000 new affordable homes and 6700 improved homes
       • 2 Health Centers
     • School attendance went to record high and unemployment from 14% to 6%
     • 30,000 new jobs created (600 trained) and another 200 in new ASDA
     • Benefits claimants went from 20% to under 10%
   • London Docklands UDC
     • Canary Wharf with tri nuclear CBD and the HSBC HQ. Total of 2700 businesses worth £7.7bn
       • 100000 commuters/day
       • Unemployment from 14% to 7%
       • 120000 new jobs in newly built facilities like shopping complexes
     • Docklands Light Railway
       • over 35000 passengers
       • 2 new links through the city sutting times to 20 mins
       • Safer pedestrian and cycle routes
     • 5 new health centers and a sailing and watersports center (£100 mil spent)
     • Docks restored with 20000 new trees planted and 3 urban parks

5. Sustainability

   • Management
     • Reduce
       • 5p bag charge (reduced use by 70% in UK)
     • Reuse
       • Packaging and product lifespan
     • Recover
       • Recycling, composting and incineration
     • Disposal
       • Landfill (should be reduced to 35% by 2020)
   • Curitiba
     • Transport
       • Bus Rapid Tranport system
         • 1.4 million passengers per day (80% of commuters)
           • 1,900 buses
         • Runs on biodiesel - lowest air pollution in Brazil
         • Bi-articulated buses that can carry 127 people including diabled
         • Tube bus stations to minimise loading times
         • Same fee from any destination
           • Colour schemed to create easy system to use
         • Arterial plan through the city with green corridors
         • Over 200km of new cycle route
         • Within 400m of every house
     • Waste
       • Green Exchange system
         • Employs over 200 lorry drivers
         • Poor receive clothing and food for recycling
         • Bin collection for narrower streets
         • Recycles 80% of its waste
   • London
     • Transport
       • Congestion Charge 2003
         • £11.50
           • £65-£195 charges
             • £2.6 bn revenue after 10 yrs
               • 5% went to renewing bus routes and a 12% increase in bus use
           • Congestion reduced by 33% and transport time down 30%
           • CO2 and NO2 fell by 20% and 17%
       • Borris Bikes 2010
         • £2 deposit for 24 hrs, 30mins free ride with over 11500 bikes and 570 docking stations
           • Barclays to Santander
           • Blind spot reduced by 30% due to safety lasers
             • 33% reduction in accidents
           • Revenue over £330000 in first 100 days
           • 49% promoted to cycle
   • BedZED 2000-2002
     • 100 homes/workspace for 100
       • 90% less energy for heating
         • 45% less electricity
           • 11% solar powered
             • 60% waste recycled
               • 65% less car milage
             • 777m2 solar panels
     • 300mm insulation jackets and triple glazing
       • Face south with rainwater harvesting and recycling
         • Use LEDs
           • Offices north facing to minimise air con
             • Green transport, charging points for electric cars and car pooling
               • All material sources in 50m radius
                 • Powerplant uses tree cuttings as power source
   • LEDC's
     • China
       • PM2.5 air quality 25X limit
         • 200 days of smog in Hangzhou
           • Lung cancer 3X average
       • Mist cannons worth $90000 each
       • Number Plate lottery and cap on new cars
     • Kenya
       • Door to door pick up service only £0.17 and drop off for half
       • World bike = income
     • Cairo
       • 30% is salvaged and recycled
       • Sell products abroad