1. Measuring Global Interactions

1. Measuring Global Interactions

1. Global Participation

   • What is Globalization?
     • (IMF Definition) “The Growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology”
     • Factors Leading to Globalization
       • Growth of Trading Blocs (eg EU, NAFTA)
       • Improved Air/Sea Transport (Containerization, lower costs)
       • Development of Communication Tech. (Cell Phones, Satellite, Computers)
       • Emergence of Global Political Organizations (eg UN, WTO, NATO)
       • Trade Liberalization - Reduction of Tariffs/Protectionism through WTO
       • Growth of Multi-national Corporations
   • KOF Index
     • Evaluation
       • Advantages:
         • Allows for Comparisons to be made for one country over time, as well as between countries at a given time
         • Has been calculated for a large portion of countries over a long time period (since 1970)
         • Makes use of 24 variables covering three main areas of globalization (economic, social & political) so covers a wide range of globalization data.
         • Uses data that is likely to be readily available (eg number of McDonalds)
         • Employs a weighting system that reduces the affect that missing data would otherwise have on the total score for any given country.
       • Disadvantages
         • Many countries have large numbers of illegal foreign migrants. They are not counted in the KOF.
         • Some countries choose to be neutral and do not participate in UN peacekeeping missions or other international organizations as a result. This does not mean they are less globalized than those that do.
         • By publishing ranking KOF seem to be implying that those at the top are ‘better’ than those at the bottom. This is not necessarily true as globalization brings problems as well as benefits to countries.
         • Some of the variables are less relevant today (eg Use of International mail/Books/Newspapers seems low given rise of email and internet)
     • What is it? What does it measure? How is it Compiled?
       • Economic Globalization
         • Actual Flows (+)
           • Trade (Percent of GDP)
           • FDI (Percent of GDP)
           • Income Payments of Foreign Nationals (Percent of GDP)
         • Restrictions (-)
           • Import Barriers
           • Mean Tariff Rate
           • Taxes on International Trade
       • Political Globalization
         • Embassies in country
         • Membership in international organizations (eg UN)
         • International Treaties
       • Social Globalization
         • Data on Personal Contact
           • Telephone Traffic
           • Foreign Population
           • International Tourism
         • Data on Informational Flows
           • Internet users (per 1000 people)
           • Television (per 1000 people)
         • Data on Cultural Proximity
           • Number of McDonald's Restaurants (Per capita)
           • Number of Ikea (per capita)
           • Trade in books (percent of GDP)

2. Global Core and Periphery

   • Characteristics of "Core" Areas
     • High foreign direct investment (FDI)
     • High levels of communications and technology (e.g. internet and mobile network)
     • Net migration gain
     • Cultural diversity (sport, music, religion, language, food, dress, etc.)
     • High literacy and skills rates
     • Larger secondary and tertiary economy
   • Characteristics of "Periphery" Areas
     • Disinvestment
     • Net migration loss
     • Unemployment, underemployment, informal employment
     • Low levels of literacy and small skills base
     • Large primary sector economy - maybe a large number of subsistence farmers
     • Traditional lifestyle/culture (lack of cultural mix)
   • Network "Hubs/Nodes"
     • Telephone Traffic
     • Internet Cables
     • Global Shipping Routes

Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap