Population

Population

1. Population Growth

   • Birth rate and Death rate
     • <Birth rate = natural increase
       • <Death rate = natural decrease
         • Affected by migration
   • Demographic transition model
     • 5 stages, relate to general development
       • Healthcare reduces death rates so faster growth.
         • A country progresses through model as it develops
   • Structure
     • Shown via population pyramids
       • Life expectancy
       • Gender equality
       • Increase or decrease in birth rate
       • Changes with the demographic model

2. Overpopulation

   • Rapid population growth
     • Most likely in LEDCs
   • Social
     • Services can't cope
     • Children forced to work
     • Lack of housing
     • Food shortages
   • Economic
     • Not enough jobs
     • Increased poverty
   • Environmental
     • Increased waste
     • Resources used up
   • Controls:
     • Birth control programmes
     • Immigration laws
     • China case study

3. Ageing populations

   • High dependancy ratio
   • Stage 5 of DTM
   • Social
     • Health care stretched
     • Unpaid carers
       • Stress
     • Fewer children due to money
       • Drop in birth rate
         • Cyclical problem
     • Lower pension as less NICs
       • Later retirement
   • Economic
     • Less taxes
       • Services suffer
     • Slower growth
       • Less activity
   • Environmental
   • Strategies
     • Pro-natal schemes
     • Immigration
       • Not sustainable
     • Retirement age and taxes up

4. Migration

   • Immigration=in
   • Emmigration=exit
   • Can be regional or seasonal
   • Economic migrants
   • Refugees
   • Push and pull factors
     • Push
       • Shortage of jobs and low wages
       • Poor standard of living, health care and education
       • Persecution and war
       • Natural disasters
     • Pull
       • More employment and high wages
       • High standard of living
       • Political and religious freedom
       • Fer environmental hazards
   • Impacts of international migration
     • + less pressure on services in country of origin and money is sent back
     • + bigger labour force in destination country and workers pay taxes
     • - labour and skill shortage in country of origin and high dependancy ratio left
     • - competition for jobs between locals and immigrants in destination, overcrowding and money leaves economy
     • Management
       • Points based systems
       • Limits and targets
       • Controlling illegal migration
     • Mexico to USA
   • Brazil, NE to SE