Pensamiento

Pensamiento

1. Classification of arguments

   • division
     • relevant
       • weak
         • very little value
       • strong
         • important but lack of determining info
       • very strong
         • key info. to support the posture
     • irrelevant
   • types
     • opinion
       • suppositions
       • point of view
     • rational
       • ideas commonly accepted
     • fact
       • observable data
     • example
       • specific examples
     • authority
       • quotes and testimonies by famous
     • analogy
       • repetition of relationships
     • cause and effect
       • fact that are the origin or effect of others
   • refutation
     • strengthening
       • point of view that is being defended
     • weakening
       • opposite point of view

2. Propositions

   • Formal Western logic
     • deductive reasoning
       • logic
     • determine whether or not the correct form
   • structure
     • term of measurement
       • all
         • all elements of one class are contained in one that is more genaral
         • example
           • all birds are oviparous
       • none
         • if one element belongs to one group, it can´t belong to another
         • example
           • no bird is mammal
       • not all / some
         • some elements of one type can belong to another one
         • example
           • some dogs are intelligent animals
           • not all the birds are the same color
     • class
     • verb
       • is
       • are
     • class

3. Prejudices

   • Prejudge
     • opinion about something before you have info.
   • definition
     • mayority negative opinions made by an individual or particular groups of people
   • process
     • categorization
       • order to digest and understand info.
       • generalize info.
       • example
         • math is hard
     • stereotypes
       • oversimplify
       • particular person or group
       • example
         • all Muslims are terrorists
   • consequences
     • discrimination, repression
   • types
     • social
       • determined groups
         • social class
         • race
     • individual
       • physical appearance
     • religious
       • religious groups
     • historic
       • historic events
     • scientific
       • scientific theories

4. Falacias

   • definicion
     • mentira o engaño
     • razonamientos incorrectos que parecen ser correctos
   • tipos
     • representatividad
       • relaciona 2 eventos parecidos, en realidad sin logica
     • conclusiones irrelevantes
       • conclusiones que no corresponden a los razonamientos previos
     • division
       • no verdad del "todo", sino verdad en una de sus partes
     • calificacion
       • adjudicarse calificativos a otras personas
       • calificacion injusta, inapropiada, subestimada
     • generalizacion precipitada
       • casos particulares establecidas como conclusiones
       • generalizar
     • apela la autoridad
       • afirma la verdad de un hecho, por que determina autoridad
     • composicion
       • una parte del todo es verdad = verdad del todo
     • causa efecto
       • ocurre algo, se le busca explicacion
     • disyuncion invalida
       • se seleccionan 2 soluciones a la situacion
       • cuando puede haber mas
     • argumentos por ignorancia
       • es verdad por que no se ha provado lo contrario o viceversa
     • razonamiento emocional
       • sentimientos para justificar
       • "es verdad por que lo siento"
     • ad hominen
       • estilo de vida, raza, sexo, edad, para concluir algo
       • en contra de la persona no de la opinion

5. Arguments

   • definition
     • set of ideas that support points of view
     • to convince others to accept a statement
   • convincing
     • key statement
       • concluding sentence
       • example
         • pepe has always been a good student
     • supporting statement
       • example
         • he has always been responsible and a good example to follow
       • reforse the key statement
   • logical
     • 2 premise statements
       • examples
         • all animals are living beings
         • all living beings have rights
     • conclusion
       • example
         • therefore, all animals have rights

6. Problems of knowledge in science

   • mathematics
     • object
       • study the numbers
       • relation base on logic
     • methodology
       • intuitive method
       • experience of the real world
         • principles
     • limitations
       • frequently denied some of its principles
   • natural sciences
     • object
       • study the natural world
         • how nature works, understand it and "control" it
     • methodology
       • experiments
         • observe -> predict -> "scientific" status
     • limitations
       • we can´t observe or experiment with everything
       • pure "theories" waiting to be proved
   • social
     • object
       • study behavior of human and understand them
     • methodology
       • circumstances in which behaviors are repited
       • experimental
     • limitations
       • subjective
       • total reliability is imposible

7. Truthfullness

   • validity
     • characteristics
       • well founded
       • well writen
       • the 3 statements are true
   • veracity
     • it can be true or false
     • true statements, but erroneous conclusion, without a lot of sense
     • lacks of veracity in the conclusion
   • incomplete
     • 1 premise statement
     • 1 conclusion
     • find another premise statement to complete it with real info