Anatomy

Anatomy

1. Articulations

   • Zygapophyseal joint
     • facets
     • thin posterior capsule
     • lax in neutral
     • Prox: sup/post/medial
       • Distal: lateral
     • Guide motion in CS
       • LF w/ ips rot
   • Occipital Condyles
     • oval, convex
     • ball & socket
       • but no rotation
       • LF limited
   • Interbody joints
     • anterior facing
     • discs are thicker anterior
       • annulus and nucleus
         • no nucleuls pulposus
         • nucleus: can regenerate

2. Overview

   • Suboccipital
     • Occipital bone, C1, C2
       • 2 points of WB
   • typical (C3-7)
     • 3 points of WB

3. Ligaments & Muscles

   • Ligaments
     • limit flexion
       • Ligamentum Nuchae ligamentum Flavum Posterior Atlanto Occipital Memb Posterior Longitudinal Tectorial Membrane
     • limit extension
       • Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Anterior Atlanto-occipital Memb
     • limit Rot
       • Alar Ligament
   • Muscles
     • Suboccipital
       • Rectus Capitis Posterior -minor -major Oblique Capitus Superior Oblique Capitus Inferior Ips Rot and and SB
     • Semispinalis Capitus & Cervicis
       • Thoracic TP to Cervial SP -extension and contra rot
     • Splenius Capitis and Cervicis
       • Capitis to lateral skull
     • Levator Scapulae
     • Longissimus Capitis
     • Trapezius
       • Ips LF, contra rotation
     • SCM
       • extension (chin up) flexion (head forward)
     • Scalenes
       • same as SCM
     • Longus Capitis & Colli

4. Kinematics

   • Atypical
     • OA
       • 15-30 flex/ext
       • Flex: glide anterior
       • Ext: glide anterior
     • AA
       • Rot: 30-43 B
   • Typical
     • flex/ext increase distal
     • LF: decrease distal
     • Rot: equal distal
     • Flex/ext: guided by facets
       • limited by SP
   • Gross
     • Flexion
       • 35-70, 60-75
     • Extension
       • 50-75, 55-90
     • Rot
       • 65-90, 80-95
     • LF
       • 35-50, 40-65