Organic Chemistry

Carboxylic Acids
1. Esters
  1. alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water
  2. -COO- group
  3. acid acatalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid)
2. -anoic acid
3. acid + carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide
  1. Salt = anoate
4. -COOH
5. dissolve in water
  1. produce h+ ions but do not ionise fully
    1. weak acidic solution
Hydrocarbons
1. Alkanes
  1. C-C single bond
  2. CnH2n+2
  3. Carbon makes four bonds
2. Carbon and hydrogen atoms only
3. Properties
  1. Short chain = more runny
  2. Short chain = lower boiling point
  3. Short chain = flammable
  4. Affect how they are used for fuels
4. Complete combustion
  1. hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
  2. alkane
5. Alkenes
  1. C=C double bond
    1. More reactive than alkanes
    2. unsaturated
  2. CnH2n
  3. Incomplete combustion
    1. alkene + oxygen = carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
    2. Releases less energy
Meth, Eth, Prop, But
Fractional Distillation
1. Fractionating column gets cooler as it goes up
  1. Shorter carbon chains have lower boiling points do they condense nearer the top
  2. Longer chains condense at the bottom - high boiling points
2. Different fractions = different uses
3. Separating crude oil
  1. Finite resources
  2. Transport
  3. New compounds e.g. polymers
Cracking of crude oil
1. Splitting long hydrocarbons
  1. Small = flammable = good fuel
  2. Long hydrocarbon = short hydrocarbon + alkene
2. Heat to vaporise - vapour passed over catalyst - long chain split = catalytic cracking
3. Vapourise - mix with steam - heat them to very high temp = steam cracking
Reactions of Alkenes
1. Add hydrogen to become an alkane
  1. Use a catalyst
2. add steam to make alcohol
  1. use a catalyst
  2. water and ethanol have a high boiling point than ethene - both condense - unused ethene recycled back to reactor
  3. Alcohols
    1. -OH
    2. Properties
      1. Flammable
      2. React with sodium
      3. Oxidised to produce carboxylic acid
      4. Soluble in water
        neutral pH
    3. -ol (ethanol)
    4. Uses
      1. Solvents
        Can dissolve more things than water
        hydrocarbons
        oils
        fats
      2. Fuels
      3. Fermentation
        sugar = ethanol + carbon dioxide
3. Halogens
  1. form saturated substances
    1. bromine + alkene = bromine water is dicolourised
Addition Polymers
1. monomers + high pressure + catalyst
2. breaking of double bonds to produce long chains
4. Poly -
Condensation Polymers
1. For each new bond a small molecule e.g. water is lost
2. polyesters

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