Period 2a

Period 2a

1. absolutism

   • Russia
     • Peter the Great
       • westernizes Russa
       • reforms military to make it westernized
       • controls church in Russia by appointing synod
       • taxes serfs
     • strong nobles, weak middle class, and serfdom
   • England
     • James I
       • devoted to divine right of monarchs
       • fails at absolutism set by his predecessors
     • Charles I
       • weak authority causes English Civil War-->Cromwell rises
         • monarchy eventually restored through Glorious Revolution--> England becomes constitutional monarchy
   • France
     • Louis XIII
       • Under advisory of Cardinal Richelieu who starts absolute monarchy
         • puts down nobles
         • intendants appointed by King-->new nobility
         • weakens Edict of Nantes=control over religion
     • Louis XIV (Sun King)
       • advised under Cardinal Mazarin
         • implements unpopular taxes
       • constructs Versailles to display wealth and control nobles
       • declares "Letat c'est moi"= I am the state; he has an obligation to God to rule the people
         • advocated by Jean Baptiste Colbert
           • taxes peasants
           • institutes mercantilism

2. Scientific Revolution

   • political
     • Francis Bacon advocates science to progress govt.=utilitarianism
       • creation of Royal Society, French Academy, and Berlin Academy
       • humans are capable of good
   • social
     • scientists communicating
     • rights for women get worse in SR, women are inferior scientifically proven
       • wealthy women are educated but no one listens to them so they patron
         • Margaret Cavendish publishes work, is skeptical and seen as highly materialistic-->invited to listen at Royal society but not join
   • religious
     • science and religion go hand-in-hand
       • Descartes "I think therefore I am" attests to a greater being beyond mind and matter (Cartesian dualism)
       • Pascal scientist/apologetic