The Colonization of The New World (Things that made European colonization possible)

The Colonization of The New World (Things that made European colonization possible)

1. A. The Crusades

   • 1. Christian Europe's effort to drive the Muslims out of the Holy Lands.
     • 2. Exposed Europeans to the Riches of the Far East.
       • 3. Europeans started looking for a shorter, safer trade route to the far east.

2. B. The Second Son Syndrome

   • 1. The first son in most European families inherited the family estates and money.
     • Younger sons had basically 3 choices - Join the army (end up dead), join the clergy (can't get laid), or become a professor (not enough money).
       • Second sons would leave the family in search of wealth and fame.
     • Property has to stay in the family.

3. C. Scientific Advancements

   • 1. Improvements in Navigation
     • a. The use of the Astrolabe:
       • 1. Measures the angle of the sun in relation to the earth.
       • 2. Tells the latitude.
       • 3. Europeans got it from the Muslims during the crusades.
     • B. The use of the Compass:
       • 1. Uses the magnetic field of the earth to tell Cardinal directs.
       • 2. Developed by the Chinese.
       • 3. Europeans got it from the Muslims during the crusades.
     • C. Improvements in Geography
       • 1. New charts and maps were being created.
       • 2. Henry the Navigator established a school to teach navigation.
   • 2. Improvements in Geography
     • a. Europeans became curious about the rest of the world.
       • c. The map makers (cartographers) help create the charts needed to explore the world.
     • b. People began to make maps and study the earth.
   • 3. The European Discovery of Gun Powder
     • a. Gunpowder was used by the Chinese as early as 300A.D. for religious celebrations.
       • c. The discovery of gunpowder helped Europeans in the development of cannons and firearms.
       • d. These new weapons allowed Europeans to protect themselves and gain a foothold on the new lands they discovered.
         • e. Makes castles worthless.
           • f. Made knight and shinning armors nonexsistent. They used peasants to use the guns which caused less money.
       • b. reached the Europeans via crusades.

4. E. Improvements in Ship Building

   • 1. Europeans ships had square sails.
     • a. Square rigged ships could only sail down wind (leeward).
       • b. Arab (Muslim) ships were latine rigged (triangular)
         • c. Latine rigged ships could sail into the wind (windward) 1. Europeans began to build bigger ships.
   • 2. Europeans began to develop a rudder type steering system.
     • 3. The overall quality of ship building improved.

5. F. The European belief that it was their duty to christanize the world.

   • 1. According to Medieval thought, the Europeans were to spread Christianity.
     • 2. They should take all pagan cultures and convert them to the Christian religion.
     • 3. The bible was written in Greek or Latin only priests and clergy can read it.

6. G. The Beginning of the Reformation

   • 1. In 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses (mistakes) on the church door at Wittenburg.
     • a. His Theses challenged the power and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.
       • b. The Roman Catholic church split.
         • 1. Protestants (those who challenged the beliefs of Catholicism-Martin Luther).
           • 2. Roman Catholics, followed the old beliefs of the church.
         • c. New religious denominations began to be created under the new Protestant branch of the Christian religion.
     • 2. Persecution of one religious group by another became a major theme in European history.
       • 3. Europeans began to flee persecution, many traveled to the New World to worship freely.
         • 4. Formation of the Anglican Church (b/c of affair)
           • 1. Henry VIII wanted to marry his cousin.
             • a. Henry VIII got special permission from the Pope to do so.
               • b. Henry's wife couldn't produce a male heir to the throne.
                 • c. Henry wanted a divorce and to marry someone else.
                   • d. He asked the Pope for permission to divorce his wife and the Pope refused.
             • 2. Henry declared himself the head of the Catholic church in England.
               • a. This became known as the Anglican church.
                 • b. They did little to change the way that the church was ran.
   • Tetsul
     • Lets sell indulgences (forgiveness for sin before doing it).
       • Equals more money for St. Peter's Cathedral
       • Gone to Germany and sold out "menus" with sin and payment for forgiveness.

7. H. Economic Changes

   • 1. Mercantalism
     • a. Economic theory that stated "the world contained a foxed amount of wealth"
       • b. The country with the most wealth was the stronger country.
         • 1. One country needed to deprive other countries of wealth.
           • 2. One country needed to gain more access to more wealth.
         • c. A country must have a Favorable Balance of Trade
           • 1. A country needed to sell more goods than it brought.
             • a. A country could impose tariffs on imported goods.
               • b. It could produce more goods to export.
             • 2. The importance of colonies.
               • a. Buy raw materials from colonies.
                 • 1. Pay a cheaper price.
                   • 2. Money doesn't leave the country.
                 • b. The colony provides a market for manufacture to sell the goods.
     • "Wealth of Nations" Adam Smith.
       • All the world wealth is finite and country with the most wins.
         • Colonies:
           • a. Provides mother country with cheap resources.
             • b. Depends on the mother country for resources.
               • (Main reason for the 13 colonies.)
               • 1. Illegal to use other things not coming from England.
                 • 2. Boston Tea Party. Sam Adams.
                   • 3. Talking, drunk, white, dressed up as Indians (Native Americans).
   • 2. Joint-Stock Company
     • a. Exploration and colonization was expensive.
       • b. Two ways to finance an expedition:
         • 1. A country sponsors you.
           • 2. You get the support of a joint-stock company.
             • a. A group of people invest in a expedition.
               • b. The investors get a percentage of the profits from the expedition.
                 • c. Benefits of a joint stock company:
                   • 1. You can raise a lot of money.
                     • 2. Lessens the financial risk for each individual if expedition fails to turn a profit.
   • 3. The Enclosure Movement in England
     • a. Before 1600 English farmers and herders used public or common land freely.
       • b. Beginning in the late 1600s farmers began to fence off and enclose their land.
         • 1. Put many herders and farmers out of business.
           • 2. These displaced farmers came to the New World for free or cheap land.

8. J. Balance of Power in Europe

   • 1. By the 1600s France, England and Spain were the most powerful countries in Europe.
     • 2. When one country got too powerful the other two challenged it;s power.
       • a. This led to a constant shift in alliances.
         • b. This led to nearly 200 years of declared and undeclared wars.
           • c. Colonial possessions strengthened a nations powers.
             • 1. Supplied resources.
               • 2. Supplied bases for military operations around the world.

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