ATOMS

ATOMS

1. contains: nucleus with protons + neutrons electrons

2. protons: nb of protons = atomic number

3. neutrons: nb of neutrons + protons = mass number

4. electrons: arranged in energy levels (chells)

   • shells: filled from loxest to highest energy

5. atomic emmission spectra: electrons falling from higher energy levels to lower energy levels

6. line spectra! only certain frequencies present

7. convergence limit: spectrum becomes continuous

8. ionisation energy: the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom

9. mass spectrometer

10. 1- Vaporisation: sample injected + vaporised to = gaseous atoms/molecules

11. 2- Ionisation: atoms/molecules bombarded with high-energy electrons = positive ions

12. 3- Acceleration: positive ions accelerate in an electric field

13. 4- Deflection: positive ions deflect in a magnetic field

    • particles are deflected according to their mass: lighter ions and particles of greater char are deflected more

14. 5- Detection: one particuler magnetic fiel (particle of only one m/z pass through spectrometer) they hit the detector & produce a signal in an electric current

15. Idotopes: atoms of the same element thaat have different mass numberds

    • seperated by mass spectrometer

16. Radioisotopes: radioactive isotopes

    • 14C: radiocarbon dating
    • 60C: radiotherapy
    • 125I / 131I: medical tracers

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