MODULE 1: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MODULE 1: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER

1. Properties of Matter

   • Inquiry question: How do the properties of substances help us to classify and separate them?
     • explore homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures through practical investigations:
       • using separation techniques based on physical properties(ACSCH026)
         • Separation techniques:  Separation of mixtures are based on different physical properties of the components in a mixture  Physical properties are properties that can be observed or measured without changing chemical nature of matter, for example: colour, smell, melting point, boiling point, etc.  There are a variety of separation techniques which uses the different types of physical properties to separate mixtures
       • calculating percentage composition by weight of component elements and/or compounds(ACSCH007)
         • Percentage composition  Gravimetric analysis is determining the quantities (mass) of substances present in a mixture, and expressing it as a weight percentage  This involves separating the mixture and accurately measuring the mass along the way, so that you can calculate the composition of the mixture  Uses of gravimetric analysis: - Percentage by weight of different ingredients in food - Whether an ore can be mined economically  The percentage composition of each element/compound can be calculated using: w/w% = final mass (element/compound) initial mass (mixture) × 100%
       • Background Information:
         • The particle theory states that all matter consists of very small particles, which are constantly moving  Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substance. They are homogenous (uniform composition)  Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more different types of elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio. They are also homogenous  Mixtures are made up of two or more different types of elements or compounds mixed together (ie NOT chemically bonded) - As such, they can be separated by physical means - This also means that mixtures CANNOT be represented by a chemical formula  Mixtures are classified into homogenous or heterogenous
       • Homogeneous
         • The components that make up homogenous mixtures are uniformly distributed. That is, they have the same uniform appearance and composition throughout  Examples of homogenous mixture include: - Air - Steel - Salt water
       • Heterogeneous
         • A heterogenous mixture is simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition  This means they have localised regions with different properties and thus different samples taken from the mixture are not identical to each other  Examples of heterogenous mixture include: - Sand - Pizza - Mixed nuts
     • investigate the nomenclature of inorganic substances using International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) naming conventions
     • classify the elements based on their properties and position in the periodic table through their:
       • physical properties
         • Physical properties are properties that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical nature of matter  They can be described as either intrusive or extrusive - Intrusive physical properties will remain the same regardless of the amount matter. For example: density, colour, etc - Extrusive physical properties are dependent on the amount of matter. For example: mass, volume, length etc.
         • Physical properties  The elements of the periodic table can be divided into three main groups:  Semi-metals: - B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po  Metals: - Everything to the left of semi-metals  Non-metals: - Everything to the right of semi-metals  Elements in each of the above categories will have similar physical properties
           • Physical properties of metals:  Generally shiny/lustrous appearance  Solids at room temperature  moderate to high melting and boiling points  Good conductors of heat and temperature Malleable (can be shaped without breaking) and ductile (can be drawn into wires without breaking)  Typically high density
           • Physical properties of non-metals:  Generally have a dull appearance  A range of melting and boiling points  Quite brittle  generally not malleable/ductile
           • Physical properties of semi-metals:  Semi-metals have properties that fall between metals and non-metals
       • chemical properties
         • A chemical property is a characteristic or behavior of a substance that may be observed when it undergoes a chemical change or reaction  The chemical property of an element is dependent on the type of element, electrons, and bonding between particles  Recall that an element is made up of only one type of atom

2. Atomic structure and atomic mass

   • Inquiry question: Why are atoms of elements different from one another?
     • investigate the basic structure of stable and unstable isotopes by examining:
       • their position in the periodic table
         • The vertical columns in the period table are called groups - Elements of the same group has the same number of electrons in their outermost (valence) electron shell - Eg, both sodium and lithium (group 1 elements) has only 1 electron in its valence shell - The elements between group 2 and 3 are known as transition elements
         • The horizontal rows in the period table are called periods - Elements of the same period has the same number of electron shell
       • the distribution of electrons, protons and neutrons in the atom
       • representation of the symbol, atomic number and mass number (nucleon number)
     • model the atom’s discrete energy levels, including electronic configuration and spdf notation
     • calculate the relative atomic mass from isotopic composition
     • investigate energy levels in atoms and ions through:
       • collecting primary data from a flame test using different ionic solutions of metals
       • examining spectral evidence for the Bohr model and introducing the Schrödinger model
     • investigate the properties of unstable isotopes using natural and human-made radioisotopes as examples, including but not limited to:
       • types of radiation
       • types of balanced nuclear reactions

3. Periodicity

   • Inquiry question: Are there patterns in the properties of elements?
     • demonstrate, explain and predict the relationships in the observable trends in the physical and chemical properties of elements in periods and groups in the periodic table, including but not limited to:
       • state of matter at room temperature
       • electronic configurations and atomic radii
       • first ionisation energy and electronegativity
       • reactivity with water

4. Bonding

   • Inquiry question: What binds atoms together in elements and compounds?

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