Global development

Global development

1. Measuring development

   • Gross domestic product
     • This is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year
     • Human development index
       • Life expectancy at birth Mean years of schooling for adults Expected years of schooling for children Gross national income per capita
       • Political corruption
         • Less developed countries have a corrupt government

2. Definitions

   • Development
     • The process where people, a place or a country change or make economic or social progress
   • GDP
     • Total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year
   • Life expectancy
     • A measure of the average time someone is expected to live, based on the year of its birth and gender and many other factors
   • GNI
     • The GDP plus overseas earnings
   • Water security
     • Having sufficient access to enough water for consumption
   • Faitrade
     • A movement that aims to create direct long trading links with producers in developing countries to ensure they receive a fair and guaranteed price for their products
   • FDI
     • Overseas investment in physical investment by TNCs to accelerate globalisation
   • Aid
     • Assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates
   • Grant
     • Free money that doesn't need to be payed back
   • Bilateral aid
     • From official governments to official sources 
   • Multilateral aid
     • From governments to multilateral agencies such as Oxfam
   • Remittances
     • Money sent back by migrants to their family in the home community
   • Debt relief
     • The partial or total removal of debt especially those owed by developing countries
   • Microcredit
     • the granting of a small loan to poor people especially women so that they can start up small businesses
   • Trade
     • The exchange of goods and services
   • Public investment
     • Investment by the government for the public
   • Geopolitics
     • Refers to how power is distributed and is politics across borders
   • GDHI
     • Gross disposable household income
   • Food security
     • Having sufficient access to enough food for consumption
   • Young dependent population
     • Children under 15 years who are economically inactive and so depend on the older members of the community

3. Uneven development in the UK

   • Physical environment
     • Geography
       • Areas in Scotland and Wales developed more slowly
       • Remote areas
         • Areas where communication was weak and transport
   • De-industrialisation
     • Unemployment
       • Industries closed or relocated leaving people unemployed
       • London
         • Factories moved to London where they experienced economic activity

4. Uneven development globally

   • Physical environment
     • Landlocked
       • Landlocked countries develop slower
       • Natural hazards
         • Causes deaths and costs money
         • Tropical areas
           • Hard to grow crops
   • Demography
     • Birth rates
       • Lower birth rates mean faster development
   • Political and economic policies
     • FDI
       • More FDI means more development
       • Governments
         • Bad governments leads to corruption
   • History
     • Trading relationship
       • Developed countries dominate poorer countries and exploit others
   • Social investment
     • Prioritise
       • developed countries prioritise health and education
       • Fertility rate
         • Lower fertility rates means more development

5. Impacts of uneven development

   • Access to housing
     • over 30% of world's population lives in slums
     • Health
       • Many people die due to not enough access to healthcare and this leads to uneven development
       • Education
         • Those with the least education have large families, so malnutrition and debt and saving is impossible
         • Employment
           • Opportunities for employment are limited in developing countries
           • Technology
             • Better technology means better development
             • Food and water security
               • Poor countries lack water and food

6. Why are developing countries keen to accept FDI

   • Foreign exchange gap
     • They don't have enough money for trade
     • Savings gap
       • Increase in population puts pressure on putting money into industry and infrastructure
       • Technical gap
         • There is a shortage of the skills needed for development

7. India

   • Location
     • Area
       • South Asia and is the biggest country in the Indian sub-continent and has a population of 1.2 billion. Separated by the Thar desert and the Himalayas
     • Borders
       • Borders 6 countries - Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar
     • Seas
       • surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and the Indian ocean
   • Political context
     • Regional
       • Largest country in the Indian sub-continent and most of India's population live in the states of Maharashta, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
       • Global
         • It's a member of many global groups like the UN and commonwealth and is the 7th largest country by size and the 2nd largest population after china
   • Cultural context
     • Regional
       • Bollywood makes 1600 films annually and has the 3rd largest Muslim population
       • Global
         • Over 80% are Hindus and has Christians, Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jainism
   • Social context
     • Regional
       • Caste system and social ranks are given at birth with the untouchables being the poorest
       • Global
         • 20 million people who make up Indian diaspora are scatter over 100 countires
   • Environmental context
     • Experiences 2 monsoon seasons 
   • Mumbai
     • A core state and is the main destination for FDI and some TNCs so increases job available 
   • Bihar
     • A periphery region and is quite isolated so develops slowly and is doesn't have good infrastructure so transport is difficult
   • Change in population
     • Increase in working age Decrease in infants Increase in elderly
     • Change in fertility
       • Fertility fell from 4.5 to 2.4 due to increase in contraception and health education
       • Change in mortality
         • Death rates have fallen due to better healthcare and education
         • Change in life expectancy
           • Has increased from 56 to 68
   • Geopolitics
     • Territorial disputes
       • Pakistan over Kashmir and has fought 3 wars China due to water from Himalayas
       • Defence and military
         • USA for defence agreement  Russia for military pack
         • Developed countries
           • To increase FDI 
           • UK
             • High English speaking workforce so more investment
   • Impacts of rapid development
     • Positive
       • Social
         • More money to spend on healthcare and leisure and TNCs run programmes to help local people 
         • Economic
           • More jobs so more income so more tax and an increase in tourism
           • Environmental
             • Higher income means more people will spend on protecting environment and the potential to invest in renewable energy
     • Negative
       • Social
         • Pressure on housing, some jobs can be dangerous, exploitation and pollution 
         • Economic
           • 'Brain drain' on rural areas as educated people move to the cities, profits made from TNCs leave India, TNCs take advantage of local government incentives
           • Environmental
             • Energy consumption has increased leading to more pollution, waste from TNCs aren't disposed easily and land, water and air pollution and chemicals from factories reduce biodiversity
     • Managing impacts
       • Solar park scheme
         • Construction of smart cities
           • Double decker trains
             • Online and distant education
               • Renewable energy