ART HISTORY EXAM 2

ART HISTORY EXAM 2

1. ETRUSCANS

   • Temples/ Temple Sculpture
     • None survived because they were made of Terracotta (fired clay)
       • Based on Greek plan
         • set of central stairs/ overhanging pediment/ Greek gods on top
   • Porta Augusta
     • Etruscans knew about the advantages of the arch and passed it to the Romans
       • Arch Diagram
   • 500

2. ROME

   • REPUBLIC
     • Aqueducts
       • Creates channels that carry water large distances
   • TEMPLES
     • Based on combination of Etruscan and Greek structures
       • Ionic orders
       • Engaged colums
   • IMPERIAL
     • Anything associated with Emperors, single rulers of large terrirories
       • Emperors sponsored artwork
   • PRIMAPORTA AUGUSTUS
     • Proportions based on Doryphoros (high classical/ Demonstrates ideal proportions)
       • Cupid figure = Augustus is divine
       • marble
       • Doryphoros
     • MAUSOLEUM
       • Centrally planned sturcture
         • where Augustus was buried
           • devine/ eternally ruling in heaven
       • EVERY EMPEROR AFTER AUGUSTUS WAS BURID IN A MAUSOLEUM TOO
   • ARA PACIS
     • Imperial processions on the two long sides face towards one of the entrances
       • 1st appearance of Atmospheric Perspective in sculpture
       • High priests are present (veils): appears to be a ritual art the altar that takes place of eternity
     • Altar of Peace
       • Marble Altar dedicated to Pax (Roman goddess of peace)
     • panel flanking entrace
       • earliest allegories (surface and hidden meaning)
     • Celestial Clock with Obelisk
       • 1. Augustus is Devine : controlled time/ universe
         • 2. Changes in calendar year 10-12 months
           • 3. Pointed to Ara Pacis on Augustus' birthday
   • COMPLEX IN THE CAMPUS MARTIUS
     • A large stretch of fields
   • PAINTINGS OF POMPEII
     • STYLE 1: LARGELY ABSTRACTED FRESCOS
     • STYLE 2: FIGURATIVE (USUALLY Aginst flat background)
     • STYLE 3: ILLUSIONISTIC
     • STYLE 4: EVEN MORE ILLUSIONISTIC (mythological subjects popular)
     • House of Mysteries - 50 BC
       • dado level - illusionistic stone acts like stage for painted figures
         • Pompeiian RED
     • House of Publius Fannius Synistor
       • bedroom; no windows originally
         • garden scene
           • Trompe l'oeil cloumns: fooling the eye
   • 100
   • COLLOSSEUM
     • 1. Ampetheater
       • 2. stage for bood sports
     • Arcade: rows of arches
       • all three orders D/I/C
   • Forum of Trajan
     • open space flanked by buildings
       • public suare for community gatherings (court/ libraries/ etc)
     • Column of Trajan
       • logest narrative produced up to this point
         • copied frequently
   • Pantheon
     • temple dedicated to all of the gods
       • centrally planned
         • Sponsered by Hadrian (117-138)
           • largest dome until Reinissance
             • OCULUS
     • Basilica
       • throne hal/ court
         • apse, transpet, nave, aisles, narthex, atrium
   • Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
     • guy on a horse
       • horse: powerful... controls horse = even more POWER
   • Triumphal Arch of Constantine
     • pieced together from other imperial monuments
       • fake geneology to show that he is the real Emperor of ROME
   • Arch of Titus
     • communicate victory: NIKE
       • divided sacred road

3. early christian I (313 - b/f edict of milan)

   • Catacombs
     • ALL ROMANS WERE BURIED IN CATACOMBS
       • UNDERGROUND BURIAL STRUCTURES
         • loculi: passageways with slits in walls
           • cubiculum: housed families in small room
             • Wall art
   • Good Sheppard Ceiling
     • Visual prayer for deacesed
       • orant figures
         • Christ in center
           • lunettes
   • Multivalent images
     • many meanings determined by Christian viewer
       • fish and anchor in catacombs
         • fish in bible and Christ
           • first Miltivalent image
   • Funerary

4. EARLY CHRISITAN II (AFTER EDICT OF MILAN)

   • St. Peter and Marcellinus Catacomb, Christ between Peter and Paul
     • Purple Robe: Imperial Attributes
       • A royal color
   • Edict of Milan: Toleration of religion in Roman Empire created by Constantine
   • The Holy Sepulcher
     • constantine built Basilica
       • In Jerusalem Where Christ was buried
         • CENTER of Christian world
   • Imperial attributes

5. Byzantine

   • The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
     • Mosaics
       • centrally planned
         • the cross links the Calla Placidia with Constatine to legitimize her power
   • San Vitale
     • sponsered by Jusitinian (526-47)
       • mosaics all function in harmony with actions at the altar
         • Imperial pannels
           • purple robe/ devine nature
           • Participating in rituals at altar forever
   • Hagia Sophia
     • Dome has a clerestory
       • looks like the dome is floating on a ring of light
   • Icons
     • Facilitate communication between heaven and earth
       • moral mirrors
         • capture a bit of the person represented
   • Iconoclasm
     • Destruction/ prohibition of icons
       • fear of false worship
         • worshipping pictures instead of holy people
           • icons were personally owned and the church felt like it took away their power
       • Icons were somehow trapped the person represented/ sympatheic magic... confuse picture with real thing
     • 726-843
   • chludov Psalter
     • Iconoclasts
       • people that destroyed Jesus on the cross
       • killed Christs human nature
     • link between Christ's humanity ad images
       • those that destroyed Chirst are the same as those who destroyed the images of him
   • Hodegetria
     • Virgin and Child
       • Mary always points to Christ
   • MIDDLE BYZANTINE
     • PLAN OF DAPHNI
       • Christ as Pantocrator
         • SQUINCHES
           • arch set into the corner where two piers meet
       • MOSAICS
         • Cross and Circle plan
           • Cross asserys Christ's humanity in the foundation of the church
     • 1000
     • Church Decoration
       • 1. Image of Virgin and Christ in the apse
         • 2. New features: Squinches
           • viewer turns around and dome floats above
             • dome is the universe turning above us
               • scenes on all 4 squinches
             • akward transition on purpose
           • hierarical scale
       • Depth/ interactivity/ squinch mosaics
     • Komnenian Dynasty
       • Iconostasis
         • physical barrier on which icons were hung and blocked the rituals at the altar from the faithful
       • 12 cen
       • St. Pantaleimon, Nerezi - Lamentation
         • A lot of emotional scenes
           • lamentation (crying) over Christ's body
       • Paleologian
         • reverse perspective to create depth
           • inspired the first use of depth in Italy
         • Lunette, Life of the Virgin, St. Savior in Chora
           • Use of the reverse perspective (lines meet ouside of painting boarder)
             • virgin is the vessel that carried Jesus
               • church vessel carries the faith
         • 1300
         • Byzantium and italian renaissance
           • Cimabue 1290
             • virgin and Child sat on altar
               • visual depth and illusion
                 • drapery makes the devine
           • Giotto 1305
             • Lamentation of Christ
               • use of landscape to represent religious history
               • emotional
           • Masaccio
             • Trinity
               • 1st known use of Linear Perspective
                 • creating illusion of depth though parralel lines

6. ISLAM

   • Dome of the Rock
     • built on the site of the second Jewish Temple
       • not a ritual building
         • Ambulatory: a continuous walkway
           • centrally planned
       • important to all 3 religions
     • 1. place where God created the world and Adam
       • 2. Where Abraham prepared to sacrafice Isaac
         • 3. Solomon built his temple housing jewish ritual objects
           • 4. place where Muhammad ascended to heaven
             • 5. The place where God Manifests his presence
   • Kaaba, Mecca
     • Holiest site in Islam
       • focus of Hajj, houses the black stone
         • meeting place between heaven and earth
         • pilgrimage
       • cube structure drapped in silk and cotton veil
   • Bowl with Kufic Border
     • Inscription is a meditative device
       • satisfying the soul rather than bodies
         • God's language is calligraphy
     • 9th cen
   • Mosques
     • Mihrab points to Mecca... ornamental reach
       • dome marks the Niche
         • 8: paradise
         • 6: faith supporting paradise
         • first crossed arch dome
     • Great mosque, Cordoba Spain
     • Islamic place of worshop, prayers, weddings, funerals, religious teachings
     • Sacred Geometry
       • mathematical tessalations/ complex patterns - evoke eternity = God's capacity to create
     • Arabesque
       • Complex patterns
     • Minaret
       • prayer tower

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