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ART HISTORY EXAM 2

Autumn Lamb Inglés

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ART HISTORY EXAM 2

ETRUSCANS
- Temples/ Temple Sculpture
  - None survived because they were made of Terracotta (fired clay)
    - Based on Greek plan
      - set of central stairs/ overhanging pediment/ Greek gods on top
- Porta Augusta
  - Etruscans knew about the advantages of the arch and passed it to the Romans
    - Arch Diagram
- 500
ROME
- REPUBLIC
  - Aqueducts
    - Creates channels that carry water large distances
- TEMPLES
  - Based on combination of Etruscan and Greek structures
    - Ionic orders
    - Engaged colums
- IMPERIAL
  - Anything associated with Emperors, single rulers of large terrirories
    - Emperors sponsored artwork
- PRIMAPORTA AUGUSTUS
  - Proportions based on Doryphoros (high classical/ Demonstrates ideal proportions)
    - Cupid figure = Augustus is divine
    - marble
    - Doryphoros
  - MAUSOLEUM
    - Centrally planned sturcture
      - where Augustus was buried
        devine/ eternally ruling in heaven
    - EVERY EMPEROR AFTER AUGUSTUS WAS BURID IN A MAUSOLEUM TOO
- ARA PACIS
  - Imperial processions on the two long sides face towards one of the entrances
    - 1st appearance of Atmospheric Perspective in sculpture
    - High priests are present (veils): appears to be a ritual art the altar that takes place of eternity
  - Altar of Peace
    - Marble Altar dedicated to Pax (Roman goddess of peace)
  - panel flanking entrace
    - earliest allegories (surface and hidden meaning)
  - Celestial Clock with Obelisk
    - 1. Augustus is Devine : controlled time/ universe
      - 2. Changes in calendar year 10-12 months
        3. Pointed to Ara Pacis on Augustus' birthday
- COMPLEX IN THE CAMPUS MARTIUS
  - A large stretch of fields
- PAINTINGS OF POMPEII
  - STYLE 1: LARGELY ABSTRACTED FRESCOS
  - STYLE 2: FIGURATIVE (USUALLY Aginst flat background)
  - STYLE 3: ILLUSIONISTIC
  - STYLE 4: EVEN MORE ILLUSIONISTIC (mythological subjects popular)
  - House of Mysteries - 50 BC
    - dado level - illusionistic stone acts like stage for painted figures
      - Pompeiian RED
  - House of Publius Fannius Synistor
    - bedroom; no windows originally
      - garden scene
        Trompe l'oeil cloumns: fooling the eye
- 100
- COLLOSSEUM
  - 1. Ampetheater
    - 2. stage for bood sports
  - Arcade: rows of arches
    - all three orders D/I/C
- Forum of Trajan
  - open space flanked by buildings
    - public suare for community gatherings (court/ libraries/ etc)
  - Column of Trajan
    - logest narrative produced up to this point
      - copied frequently
- Pantheon
  - temple dedicated to all of the gods
    - centrally planned
      - Sponsered by Hadrian (117-138)
        largest dome until Reinissance
        OCULUS
  - Basilica
    - throne hal/ court
      - apse, transpet, nave, aisles, narthex, atrium
- Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
  - guy on a horse
    - horse: powerful... controls horse = even more POWER
- Triumphal Arch of Constantine
  - pieced together from other imperial monuments
    - fake geneology to show that he is the real Emperor of ROME
- Arch of Titus
  - communicate victory: NIKE
    - divided sacred road
early christian I (313 - b/f edict of milan)
- Catacombs
  - ALL ROMANS WERE BURIED IN CATACOMBS
    - UNDERGROUND BURIAL STRUCTURES
      - loculi: passageways with slits in walls
        cubiculum: housed families in small room
        Wall art
- Good Sheppard Ceiling
  - Visual prayer for deacesed
    - orant figures
      - Christ in center
        lunettes
- Multivalent images
  - many meanings determined by Christian viewer
    - fish and anchor in catacombs
      - fish in bible and Christ
        first Miltivalent image
- Funerary
EARLY CHRISITAN II (AFTER EDICT OF MILAN)
- St. Peter and Marcellinus Catacomb, Christ between Peter and Paul
  - Purple Robe: Imperial Attributes
    - A royal color
- Edict of Milan: Toleration of religion in Roman Empire created by Constantine
- The Holy Sepulcher
  - constantine built Basilica
    - In Jerusalem Where Christ was buried
      - CENTER of Christian world
- Imperial attributes
Byzantine
- The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
  - Mosaics
    - centrally planned
      - the cross links the Calla Placidia with Constatine to legitimize her power
- San Vitale
  - sponsered by Jusitinian (526-47)
    - mosaics all function in harmony with actions at the altar
      - Imperial pannels
        purple robe/ devine nature
        Participating in rituals at altar forever
- Hagia Sophia
  - Dome has a clerestory
    - looks like the dome is floating on a ring of light
- Icons
  - Facilitate communication between heaven and earth
    - moral mirrors
      - capture a bit of the person represented
- Iconoclasm
  - Destruction/ prohibition of icons
    - fear of false worship
      - worshipping pictures instead of holy people
        icons were personally owned and the church felt like it took away their power
    - Icons were somehow trapped the person represented/ sympatheic magic... confuse picture with real thing
  - 726-843
- chludov Psalter
  - Iconoclasts
    - people that destroyed Jesus on the cross
    - killed Christs human nature
  - link between Christ's humanity ad images
    - those that destroyed Chirst are the same as those who destroyed the images of him
- Hodegetria
  - Virgin and Child
    - Mary always points to Christ
- MIDDLE BYZANTINE
  - PLAN OF DAPHNI
    - Christ as Pantocrator
      - SQUINCHES
        arch set into the corner where two piers meet
    - MOSAICS
      - Cross and Circle plan
        Cross asserys Christ's humanity in the foundation of the church
  - 1000
  - Church Decoration
    - 1. Image of Virgin and Christ in the apse
      - 2. New features: Squinches
        viewer turns around and dome floats above
        dome is the universe turning above us
        scenes on all 4 squinches
        akward transition on purpose
        hierarical scale
    - Depth/ interactivity/ squinch mosaics
  - Komnenian Dynasty
    - Iconostasis
      - physical barrier on which icons were hung and blocked the rituals at the altar from the faithful
    - 12 cen
    - St. Pantaleimon, Nerezi - Lamentation
      - A lot of emotional scenes
        lamentation (crying) over Christ's body
    - Paleologian
      - reverse perspective to create depth
        inspired the first use of depth in Italy
      - Lunette, Life of the Virgin, St. Savior in Chora
        Use of the reverse perspective (lines meet ouside of painting boarder)
        virgin is the vessel that carried Jesus
        church vessel carries the faith
      - 1300
      - Byzantium and italian renaissance
        Cimabue 1290
        virgin and Child sat on altar
        visual depth and illusion
        drapery makes the devine
        Giotto 1305
        Lamentation of Christ
        use of landscape to represent religious history
        emotional
        Masaccio
        Trinity
        1st known use of Linear Perspective
        creating illusion of depth though parralel lines
ISLAM
- Dome of the Rock
  - built on the site of the second Jewish Temple
    - not a ritual building
      - Ambulatory: a continuous walkway
        centrally planned
    - important to all 3 religions
  - 1. place where God created the world and Adam
    - 2. Where Abraham prepared to sacrafice Isaac
      - 3. Solomon built his temple housing jewish ritual objects
        4. place where Muhammad ascended to heaven
        5. The place where God Manifests his presence
- Kaaba, Mecca
  - Holiest site in Islam
    - focus of Hajj, houses the black stone
      - meeting place between heaven and earth
      - pilgrimage
    - cube structure drapped in silk and cotton veil
- Bowl with Kufic Border
  - Inscription is a meditative device
    - satisfying the soul rather than bodies
      - God's language is calligraphy
  - 9th cen
- Mosques
  - Mihrab points to Mecca... ornamental reach
    - dome marks the Niche
      - 8: paradise
      - 6: faith supporting paradise
      - first crossed arch dome
  - Great mosque, Cordoba Spain
  - Islamic place of worshop, prayers, weddings, funerals, religious teachings
  - Sacred Geometry
    - mathematical tessalations/ complex patterns - evoke eternity = God's capacity to create
  - Arabesque
    - Complex patterns
  - Minaret
    - prayer tower