Short term memory

Duration
1. Peterson and Peterson (1959). Participants were asked to recall the consonant trigrams after differing lengths of time. Experimenters said out load a triagram and paritipants had to try and remember it
2. Time were allowed between recall - 3 ,6 ,9 ,12 ,18 seconds
3. Findings- About 90% of trigrams were recalled after a 3 second retention interval but only 5% after 18 seconds. This shows that STM has a limited capacity of less than 30 seconds
4. - Lacks ecological validity as it was conducted in a lab. This means it is not representative to a real life setting
  1. - Methodology flawed, asked a range of different trigrams in each trial so this could have led to confusion so interference would have affected their data
Capacity
1. Miller (1956) Paticipants were asked to recall digits in lab conditions. Findings- Participants recalled between 5-9 digits.
2. Digits were recalled better than letters. STM memory span increased with age. Type of information does not determine span which is fairly cosistent in individuals
3. The STM has a limited storage capacity of between 5-9 items. This can be improved with techniques such as chunking
4. _ Lacks ecological validity as it was not representative to a real life setting. For example, memories are not normally involving numbers
  1. + Findings have been usefully applied to improving memory. This means the research although it was in a lab, impacted the real world
Encoding
1. Baddeley (1966) Lab experiment to examine whether encoding is primarily acoustic or semantic. 75 Participants were presented with one of four lists repeated four times.
2. List A - Acoustically similar words - 'cat' 'mat' List B- Acoustically dissimilar words - 'pig' 'day' List C- Semantically similar words - 'huge' 'big' List D- Semantically dissimilar words - 'hot' 'safe'
3. Findings- participants given List A (accoustically similar words) performed the worst, with a recall of only 10%. They confused similar sounding sounds such as recalling 'cap' instead of 'cat'. Recalling the other lists can be compatiely good at between 60%-90%
4. Conclusion- since list A was recalled the least effectively, it seems there is acoustic confusion in STM, Suggesting STM is encoded on an acoustic basis
5. + Baddeley's findings make 'cognitive sense'. For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you would repeat it aloud (acousitic rehearsal)
6. - This was a lab experiment and therefore shows causality (cause and effect relationships) but may lack ecological validity (not representative to real life activities)

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Short term memory

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