Zusammenfassung der Ressource
A.anamenis
- 450cc, teeth-thick
enamel, leg bone
structure-bipedal,
upper arm human-like
- A.Afarensis (Lucy)
- 3.9 -3mya Eastern Africa
- slender bone
structure, finger
bones curved and
arms long, arched
foot, toes long and
curved, ape like
body hair, 1-1.5m
tall
- CULTURAL EVOLUTION: No tool record left behind. Perishable
material tools? Like modern chimps. Unsophisticated. Herbivores
feeding on low grade plant material. Gatherers living in small
wandering groups. No development of Broca's and Wrenicke's areas
or voice box. Sounds and expression only. No evidence for abstract
thought. No art, writing. No evidence for housing or burial of dead.
- nuchal lines, no sagittal crest,
brow ridge, low facial angle,
protruding jaw, no chin,
large/reduced canines, no nose
bone, low cranial vault, diastema
(gap between two big teeth)
present, 375-550cc
- herbivore diet,
some sexual
dimorphism
- cooler and drier
(savannah formation)
bipedal helped escape
predation on open
savannah. bipedal freed
up hands
- A.africanus
- 3-2mya South Africa
- small brain (450cc), no sagittal crest, slight brow ridge, low
facial angle, protruding jaw, no chin, large molars, nuchal
lines, deeper and shorter jaws than apes, no nose, canines
smaller, molars larger, no diastema, cranial vault more rounded
- warmer climate, more hair loss, diet
changes to omnivore
(hunter-gatherer)
- P.bosei
- small brain (500-545cc), sagittal crest,
large brow ridge, low facial angle, large
molars, small canines, no chin, large jaw,
nuchal lines, no nose, flatter cranial vault,
no diastema
- 2.1-1.1mya East Africa
- Tough diet, low grade plants,
herbivore, outcompeted by
Australopithecines
- P.robustus
- 1.5-2mya South Africa
- small brain (530cc), sagittal
crest, heavy brow ridge, low
faciial angle, dish shaped face,
very large moalrs/premolars
(megadont), no chin, massive
mandible (jawbone), foramen
magnum closer to front,
mazzive zygomatic arch, no
nose, flat cranial vault, no
diastema
- dry Savannah environment,
prompted bipedalism, sagittal crest
due to nature of food eaten -tough,
coarse plant food (increased SA to
support greater muscle attachment)