Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Forensic
- Turning to Crime
- Upbringing
- Disrupted Families - Farrington
- Delinquency rates in boys living in permanently
disrupted families No mother-higher delinquency rate
- Learning from Others - Akers
- Self-report on adolescent drinking/drug behaviour Peer
influence - provide social reinforcement for behaviour
- Poverty & Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods - Wikstom & Tajfel
- DESIGN: A cross-sectional study
- SAMPLE: Nearly 2000 Year 10 students
- METHODOLOGY: Interview & data collection
- FINDINGS: 44.8% of males and 30.6% of females committed at least
one of the studied crimes Offenders of violent crime likely to be victim
of violent crime KEY FACTORS ARE - weak family, poor parental
monitoring and truancy poor self-control and weak morality
- CONCLUSIONS: 1-Propensity-Induced, its a personality or characteristic
2-Lifestyle-dependent, peer centered activities high alcohol and drug uses
3-Situationaly-limited, well adjusted but offend if high levels of risk
- Biological
- Brain Dysfunction - Raine
- Criminals has less activity in pre-frontal
cortex-impulsive behaviour, and in
amygdala-emotional response i.e. fear
- Genes & Serotonin - Brunner
- Extreme violence in a family. Mutated MAOA
breaks down dopamine, serotonin &
noradrenalin=increased aggressive behaviour
- Gender - Daly & Wilson
- Evolutionary - Male risk taking to
impress female mate- survival value
- Cognitive
- Criminal Thinking Patters - Yochelson & Samenow
- Longitudial study. Series of interviews carried out. behaviours-
restless, lack empathy, want life of excitement poor at decision making
- Moral Development - Kohlberg
- Moral development in children. Suggests that criminals have
lesser developed morals - that's why they commit crime
- Social Cognition - Gudjohnsson
- Attribution of blame. External-behaviour blamed on social
factors. Mental-behavoiur blamed on mental disposition at
the time. Remorse- shows guilt/remorse about the behaviour
- Reaching a verdict
- Persuading a Jury
- Order of testimony - Pennington & Hastie
- Evidence being ruled inadmissable - Pickel
- Persuasion - Cutler
- Reaching a Verdict
- Minority Influence - Moscovici
- minorities can influence a
majority if they are consistent
- Majority Influence - Asch
- Stages & Influences - Hastie
- Witness Apeall
- Atractiveness of Defendant - Castellow
- Video or screen for child - Ross et al
- Wintess Confidence - Penrod & Cutler
- Making a case
- Offender profiling
- Topdown Approach - Canter
- Identifying behavioural pattern from similarities between offences.
It can lead to understanding of how offenders behaviour can change
- John Duffy - Canter
- First attempt to use
behavioural characteristic
- Bottoms up - Hazelwood & Douglas
- Organised and disorganised ofenders
- Interviewing witness
- Weapon Focus - Loftus
- 36 American uni students. Effect of presence of a
weapon when recognising face. 38.9% correct (no
weapon) 11.1% correct (weapon)
- second experiment carried out
supported these findings
- Recognising Faces - Bruce et al
- 48 Uni students Compared internal
and external features when trying to
remember
- Cognitive Interview - Fisher
- 16 detectives from Florida trained in cognitive interview
techniques 47% more info than before training
- Interviewing Suspect
- Interrogation Techniques - Inbau
- Presenting a mass on damaging facts to
persuade criminals they have no choice but
to confess
- False Confessions - Gudjonsson
- Case study of false confession of a youth whom
was susceptible to interrogative pressure
- Detecting Lies - Mann at al
- 99 Kent police officers. Asked to judge truthfulness
of suspects in 54 police videos