HYPERTENSION

HYPERTENSION

1. Risk factors of hypertension

   • Non-modifiable risk factors
     • Genetics
     • Age
     • Gender
     • Ethnicity
     • Co-existing diseases
   • Modifiable risk factors
     • High salt diet
     • Body weight
     • Smoking
     • Lifestyle recommendations to improve hypertension in patients
       • Eat a well-balanced diet that's low in salt
       • Limit alcohol
       • Enjoy regular physical activity
       • Manage stress
       • Maintain a healthy weight
       • Quit smoking
       • Take your medications properly
       • Work together with your doctor

2. Signs/symptoms of hypertension

   • Blurry or double vision
   • Lightheadedness/Fainting
   • Fatigue
   • Headache
   • Heart palpitations
   • Nosebleeds
   • Shortness of breath
   • Consequences of covid on hypertensive patients
     • Increasing the prevalence of risk factors
       • Obesity
       • Alcohol consumption
       • Stress
       • Sedentary lifestyle
       • Smoking
       • Unhealthy diet
       • Poor adherence to antihypertensive drug treatment
     • Factors contributing to lower drug adherence
       • Lack of medications
       • Reduced access to pharmacies
       • Decrease in physicians services for medication control and adjustment

3. Prognosis and consequences of hypertension

   • Acute complications
     • Hypertensive crises
     • Stroke
     • Heart attack
   • Chronic complications
     • Heart failure
     • Chronic kidney disease
     • Arterial stiffness
     • Hypertensive retinopathy
     • Left ventricular hypertrophy
     • Microalbuminuria

4. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Regulation

   • short term regulation
     • Baroreceptor reflex
       • Blood pressure sensors via stretch
       • Response via autonomic nervous system [sympathetic and parasympathetic]
       • Located within the walls of carotid sinus and Aortic arch
   • long term regulation
     • Renin-angiotensin 2- aldosterone system
       • Regulates primarily by regulating the blood volume
       • Located in the kidneys
       • Activated in response to low blood pressure
   • • Classes of anti-hypertensive drugs
       • ACE inhibitors
         • captopril
         • enalapril
       • Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers
         • Losartan
         • Valsartan
       • Anti-adrenergics
         • Beta blockers
         • Alpha blockers
       • Calcium channel blockers
         • Dihydropyridines
           • nefidipine
           • amlodipine
         • Phenylalkylamines
           • Verapamil
         • Benzothiazapines
           • Diltiazem

5. physical examination of cardiovascular system

   • Introduction
   • Inspect
   • Palpate
   • Auscultate

6. Causes of non compliance in hypertensive patients

   • Forgetfulness
   • Fear and Worry
   • Depression

7. Guidelines of Blood Pressure and Classifications of Hypertension

8. Testing for Hypertension

   • Blood tests
   • Lipid Profile
   • Hormones of the adrenal gland or thyroid gland
   • Urine tests
   • Ophthalmoscopic tests
   • ECG
   • Echocardiogram
   • CT Scan of the abdomen

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