Calcium

1. increase in nerve excitability
   1. cause tetany

      Anmerkungen:

      • spasms
      1. if severe can cause death by asphyxiation

1. reduces neuromuscular excitability
   1. lead to cardiac arrhythmias, lethargy and death
2. causes
   1. 54% primary hyperparathyroidism
   2. 34% malignancy associated
   3. 12% other

1. 99% bones and teeth
2. intercellular

   Anmerkungen:

   • soluble in cytosol and nucleus.  insoluble in PM, ER and mitochondria  
3. extracellular

   Anmerkungen:

   • extracellular fluid for  Blood clotting,  exocytosis and contraction   

Anmerkungen:

• parathyroid hormone 

1. produced by chief cells of the parathyroid gland
2. 88a
3. synthesised as prep-pro PTH (115aa)
   1. cleaved to proPTH
      1. cleaved again to PTH

         Anmerkungen:

         • cleaved in the liver 88aa half life 20mins  
4. secretion is inversely proportional to serum Ca
5. effects
   1. increases bone resorption
   2. increase renal Ca reabsorption
   3. increase Pi excretion
   4. increase production of Vit D
6. PTHrP

   Anmerkungen:

   • PTH related peptide
   1. 141,139,173aa

      Anmerkungen:

      • alternate splicing 
   2. secreted in certain cancers causing humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy
   3. similar to PTH
   4. widely expressed under normal conditions
   5. essential for normal skeletal development

      Anmerkungen:

      • identified from KO studies 
7. evolution

1. biosynthesis
   1. PTH increases transcription of 1 alpha hydroxalase gene in the renal proximal tubule
   2. in the skin UVB forms preVitD3
2. carried in the plasma bound to specific globulin VitD binding protein (DBP)

   Anmerkungen:

   • VitD is lipid soluble 
3. source
   1. oily fish

      Anmerkungen:

      • salmon 
   2. milk
4. Deficiency
   1. Rickets
   2. secondary hyperparathyroidism
   3. osteomalacia
5. actions
   1. increase net intestinal Ca2+ uptake
   2. increases calbindin expression
   3. increase bone resorption
   4. increases renal Ca reabsorption

1. Parafollicular thyroidal “C cells''
2. 32 aa peptide (from pro-calcitonin)
3. reduces Ca plasma levels after a meal
4. reduces osteoclast activity- reduces bone resorption
5. Secretion inhibited by low Ca2+ levels in the blood

1. total ~ 2.5 mM (10mg/dl)
   1. 35-40% bound to macromolecular proteins

      Anmerkungen:

      • especially albumin
   2. 5% complexed as salts

      Anmerkungen:

      •    Ca2+ salts of bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate & citrate.   
   3. free ionised Ca2+ concentration is ~ 1.2 mM
2. Calcium sensing mechanism only senses free ionised Ca

   Anmerkungen:

   • The Ca2+-sensing mechanisms that oversee Ca2+ homeostasis sense changes in free, ionised Ca2+ levels rather than total Ca2+ levels

1. Calciotropic hormones

   Anmerkungen:

   • affect calcium
   1. PTH
   2. Vit D3
   3. calcitonin
2. Non-calciotropic hormones

   Anmerkungen:

   • affect bone formation but not calcium 
   1. Glucocorticoids
   2. Growth hormone
   3. thyroid hormones
   4. estrogen
   5. insulin
   6. EGF, FGF, PDGF
   7. PGE2, osteoclast activating factor