Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Stress
- Life changes as stressors
- Rahe et al: 2664 men on US navy ships kept
diary of any illness. small signif +ve
correlation between life change units and
illness in last 6 mnths
- this shows that as there are
+ve and -ve life event, it is the
amnt of energy required to deal
with the event that creates
stress/illness
- Michael and BenZur:f/m
divorced/widowed.
divorced=higher life
satisfaction before
bereavement than after(able
to turn life change in2 +ve
experience)
- AO2
- A spurious relationship: most studies yield
correlation data, which fails to show causal
relatnshp/a third variable explanation
- Individ differences: in impact of
life events e.g.
pregnancy,retirement.
>hard to predict illness from
SRRS scores alone
- Life changes and daily
hassles: major are
rare, minor=daily
hassles. Delongis:
signif relatnshp health
and daily hassles (not
life events)
- +ve and -ve events: SRRS based research can
damage health as it requires signif readjustment=
un(controlled/desired/scheduled)
- Daily hassles as stressors
- Bouteyre et al: correlation of relatnshp
daily hassles and mental health in
students from school>uni. 40% new
students showed depressive symptoms
- Gervais et al: nurses kept diaries for a month.
hassles=incr jobstrain/decr performance.
uplifts=counter stress/improved performance
- Flett et al: major life events differ from
daily hassles in that ppl seek/receive
social support. -ve effects may be
reduced due to social support.
- AO2
- Memory problems:
retrospective data
recall so accuracy
varies. keeping a
diary is accurate.
- Correlation don't show casual relationship
between physic/pysch wellbeing but show
potential to have effect on our wellbeing.
- Gulian et al: opts that report
hard day at work report
higher stress on their drive
home. unresolved minor
carried forward are
interpreted -vely.
- Pets as daily
hassles-Miller: for
f=pets associated
with uplifts
(leisure).
m=associated with
hassle (e.g. costs)
- Explaining daily hassles
- Accumulation effect: chronic
stress caused by -ve life events
that deplete a person's
resources>become more vulnerable
to influence of daily hassles.
- Amplification effect: add up of minor
daily stressors>create persistent
irritations,frustr,overloads>serious
stress reactn (depression/anxiety)
- Workplace Stress
- Marmot et al: 7k civil servants did qu'aire
tested them on job control, workload and
social support received from others and
checked for cardiovasc.
- workload: not
a signif factor-
no link
between high
workload and
stress related
illnesses
- control: civil
servants that
report low job
control=++likely
to get heart
disease than
those reporting
high.
- AO2
- Individ diffs-schaubroeck:
workers respond diff to
lack of control. some
people are less stressed
and show better immune
responses in such
situations.
- Work under load-shultz
et al: study across 15 Eu
countries found
employees report work
overload=most stressed
than report under load.
- Workplace stress and
mental health: doesn't cause
direct health probs, but can
incr the likeliness of
depression to occur.
- The body's response to stress
- Sympathomedullary pathway (acute)
- ANS = symp
branch-returns to
relaxatn (incr
<3,bp,pupil size,
mobilise fat and
glycogen) + SNS
(prepares body for
f/light by relaease of
noradrenaline
- Adrenal medulla: SNS neurones
travel to medula causing adren
release (boosts supply of o2 and
glucose to brain) and suppresses
non urgent bodily
- processes eg digestion. once
stressor has passed, parasymp
branch of ANS slows heart rate and
reduces bp
- Pituitary adrenal system (chronic)
- 1 Hypothalamus-
when stressor
perceived, msg sent
to hypoth. activation
leads to productn of
CRF which is
released into
bloodstream
- 2 Pituitary gland-
here, CRF causes
ACTH release. this is
transported via
bloodstream to adr
cortex in adr glands.
- 3 Adrenal cortex- this releases
cortisol. effects: +low sensit to
pain, -low immune response.
prolonged ACTH release causes
adr cort incre = +cortisol
- AO2: consequences of the stress response
- cardiovasc probs: is
stress responses are
often activated, heart and
blood vessels suffer from
wear and tear, leads to
increased chance of <3
disease
- immunosuppression:
too much cortisol
shuts down immune
system which shuts
down process that
fights infection.
feedback syst may
brkdwn under
++stress
- Individ
differences:
males has f/light
response,
females have
tend/befriend
response
- Stress related illness
- cardiovascular disorders: SNS activation>blood
vessels constrict>incr bp,<3(wears lining of bld
vessels). stress>incr glucose which blocks bld vessels
- AO2
- :)
Orth-Gomer
et al: found
increase in
heart attacks
as result of
marital
conflict
- Role of anger-Williams: 13k did
qu'aire, health check 6yrs later.
ppts highest on anger scale
more likely to have heart attack
- Stress related illness and immune system
- Kiecolt Glaser et al
- on medic students: one
month before and during
exams. found reduced
immune activity from
blood sample DURING
than before
- unhappy relatnshps on immune syst: found
blister wounds on arm of couples who shows
high hostile behav healed at 60% of low
hostile.
- Malarkey et al: found marital
conflict caused changes in
adren and noradren levels,
which could lead to poorer
immune functioning
- AO2
- Segestrom and Miller:
meta- ST acute stressors
boost immune cyst to
prepare itself for infec/inj
and LT chronic lead to
suppression of immune
syst.
- Stress can enhance immune
system-evans et al: ST stress
increases slgA levels, which
help protect angst infection
- Not a simple relationship: health is slow
to change, affected by other factors,
demo over LT is impractical so only ST
research
- Individual differences: women show more adverse
immunological changes in their reactions. with age,
stress has created effect on imm system.
- Type A and Type B personality
- Friedman and Rosenman: type a are
competitive and achievement
striving/impatience and time urgency/ hostility
and aggressiveness. >raise bp and stress
- AO2
- Importance of hostility-Myrtek: meta,found associatn of CHD and hostility(type A) but no
association with other components.
- Research support-Ragland and Brown: followup- 15% of men died of <3 disease, but no
relatnshp of type A and death from CHD.
- Outdated Concept: is a reflection of traditional masculinity in 50s and
60s. hardiness more imp as emphasised in men AND women.
- Personality factors: hardy personality
- Kobasa and Maddi- more resistant to
harmful effects of stress: Control(of
own life) Commitment(involved with
world) Challenge(probs to overcome)
- Maddi et al: measured hardiness in comp
reducing its wf. found 2/3 had stress related
illness and 1/3 thrived (3 components!)
- Lifton et al: measured hardiness at 5
US unis to see link with academic
life. found students with low hardy
score more likely to dropout of uni
- AO2
- -ve affectivity: individs with high
NA dwell more on failures/-ve
aspects of themselves>more likely
to report dissatisfaction/distress
- Problems of measurement: most data
is thru self report qu'aires. addresses
probs e.g. long/awk and bad wording.
- Real world application: explains why
soldiers remain healthy-able to combat
stress>elite milit units screening for
hardiness as part of selectn proced
- Pyschological methods of stress management
- Stress innoculation training
- Meichenbaum: conceptualisation(see
stressor as prob to be solved) skills
acquis(taught coping skills) applic(to
increasingly diff situations)
- AO2
- :) effective:
compared with
syst-desens to
deal with snake
phobias. both
effective but SIT
helped reduce
fear of another
yet untreated
phobia
- :) reduces academic stress-Sheehy and Horan: SIT sessions reduce anxiety/stress
amongst students over time and improve academic performance
- preparation for
future stressors:
gives client
necessary skills
so they're less
adversely
affected by
stressors in later
life
- :( time consuming/requires high motivation
- :( unnecessarily complex: is poss that SIT can
be achieved with just some of elements. could
be better to learn to talk +ve and relax more
- Hardiness training
- Kobasa and Maddi: focus(recognise
source/phys signs of stress) relive stress
enc(to give insight to current methods)
selfimprovmt(learn new technique)
- AO2
- :) it works: shown to help at risk
students to deal with stresses
faced during college life
- :) real world application:
used in olympic training by
helping to control aspects of
daily life that interfere with
their training
- :( overcoming bad
habits: some habits
are hard to modify so
can't be a rapid
solution to stress
management.
- Drug therapies
- (BZs): neurotrans
GABA is bodes
natural form of
relief-has hard
effect on neurones
in brain>harder for
them to be stimul8
by ntrn>slows their
activity
- Beta-blockers
(BBs): reduce
noradr and adren
activity by binding
to receptors on
heart cell. by
blocking
receptors=harder
to stimul8 cells>low
bp/<3
- AO2
- :-)
- Effective-Hildalgo
et al: meta and
found BZs more
effective than
other drugs for
reducing anxiety
- Easy to use:
require little
effort from
patient
compared to
signif time
investment
and
motivation
required for
psych
therapies.
- :-(
- Addiction:
patients
exhibit
withdrawal
sympts
when stop
taking BZs
hence why
intake is
limited to 4
weeks.
- Side effects:
BZs increase
aggression and
impairment of
memory>some
studies link to
incr risk of
diabetes.
- Treats symptom
rather than prob:
effectiveness lasts
as long as drug is
taken-prob itself
isn't addressed.