Population Dynamics

Population Dynamics

1. World Population

   • 1804 = 1 billion 2013 = 7 billion
   • Increased most, south of north-south divide

2. Natural Increase

   • Birth rate - Death rate
     • Decrease in birth rates
       • Better education
         • Women stay in education longer
           • More careers for women
             • Get married and have children later
       • Contraception
         • More widely available
       • Lower infant mortality rates
         • Couples have fewer babies as children are more likely to live to adulthood and outlive parents
       • Less children needed for work to provide income
     • Decrease in death rates
       • Better health care
         • More vaccinations
           • Fewer deaths from diseases
         • Better medical care
           • Higher life expectancies
       • Cleaner water
         • Less waterborne diseases

3. Demographic Transition Model

   • How development affect population growth
   • 1: High birth rate, high death rate
     • Poor healthcare
   • 2: High birth rate, declining death rate
     • Improved healthcare
     • Libya, Saudi Arabia
   • 3: Declining birth rate, low death rate
     • Social and economic changes
     • China, Australia
   • 4: Low birth rate, low death rate
     • Birth rate below replacement level (2 children per couple)
     • UK, USA
   • 5: Very low birth rate, slightly higher death rate
     • Low fertility, high life expectancy
     • Germany, Hungary

4. UK Migration

   • Net migration
     • Immigration - Emigration
   • Open door policy
     • Encouraged migrants to move in
       • After WW2 to 1970s, to help fill jobs
         • Tightened border controls in 1970s as there were enough workers
       • 1997, reintroduced policy as there was a shortage of labour due to economic boom
         • Encouraged immigration from Eastern Europe
   • Skills tier policy
     • Only migrants with skills needed were able to migrate to the UK
       • Introduced in 2008
   • Stricter non-EU control
     • In 2010, tried to limit net migration to 24,000 per year
   • Opinions
     • Jobs needed filling
     • Certain skills required
     • Racial tension
     • Pressure on education and NHS
   • Poland to UK
     • Push
       • High unemployment
       • Poverty
       • Low wages
       • Poor quality of life
     • Pull
       • Job vacancies
       • Higher wages
       • Skill shortages
       • Ageing labour force
     • Impacts on UK
       • Low paid jobs filled
       • Cheap labour
       • Contribute to economy
       • Wider culture
       • Racial tension
       • Less jobs for UK citizens
       • Pressure on NHS
     • Impacts on Poland
       • Remittances
       • More jobs in Poland
       • Reduced pressure on education and health systems
       • Can't send too much money back
       • Less workers
       • Skilled workers in low skilled jobs

5. Population Management

   • Pro Natalist Policy
     • Encourage people to have more children
       • Offer benefits
       • Incentives
       • Propaganda
       • Reduce VAT on baby products
       • Better maternity/ paternity leave
   • Anti Natalist Policy
     • Encourage people to have fewer children
       • Offer benefits
       • Incentives
       • Propaganda
   • Laissez Faire Policy
     • Government let people decide

6. Population Structures

   • Concave
     • Developing countries
     • Youthful population
       • High birth rate, low death rate
       • Low life expectancy
   • Convex
     • Developed countries
     • Ageing population
       • Very low birth rate, low death rate
       • High life expectancy