Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Child Development
- Domains of Development
- Motor
- Physical growth is
important for normal
motor development
- Infant motor control can be
limited by physical
development
- Requires CNS and
musculo-skeletal
maturation
- Two areas to motor control
- Large, gross motor control
- Small, fine motor control
- Relationship to vision
- Visual Spatial Skills
- Safe efficient movement
through space
- Visual Motor Skills
(Hand-Eye Coordination)
- Handwriting, Sports,
Musical Instruments
- Cognitive (Piaget's theory
of cognitive development)
- Sensorimotor (0-2years): If a
child is not interacting with an
object it does not exist "out of
sight, out of mind"
- Pre-operational (2-7 years):
learn concepts of space,
time and conservation
- Concrete Operational (7-11
years): logical thinking, gain
ability to see through
perspective other than own
- Formal operational
(from 12years):
abstract thought
- Relationship to Vision
- Vision provides sensory and
perceptual input necessary for
cognitive development
- Language
- Vision underlies second
language code, reading
and writing
- Emotional
- Relationship to vision
- Tics can develop at 6-7
years, caused by anxiety.
Common PC, will disappear if
ignored
- Visual Development
- Eye Movements
- Fixation
- Faces: at birth
objects: at 3 months
- Conjugate eye movements
- Saccades
- Horizontal at birth
Vertical at 3 months
- Smooth Pursuits
- Horizontal at birth
Vertical at 3 months
- OKN and VOR
- present at birth
- Near triad
- Pupil: at birth
- Accommodation: 3-4 months
- Vergence: 3 months
Fusional Vergence: 6 months
- Refractive error development
- Emmetropisation
- Newborns: +2.00D
6-8years: +1.00D
- Astigmatsim
- Reduces in first 5 years
even if corrected
- Visual Function
- Visual Acuity
- at birth: 6/180
3 mon: 6/60
12 mon: 6/15
4-5 yrs: 6/6
- Difference in
acuities may be
more important
- Fusion
- Develops at 3 months
- Stereopsis
- develops 4-7 months
- What is development?
- Physical, cognitive and
psycho-social changes
that occur from
conception to adulthood
- Normal Development: typical
changes that are shared by
almost all children over time
- Development of most
characteristics occur in a
predictable sequence, but rate of
development is unique to each
child
- Global and domain specific development
- Allows for delay in general
development or in specific
skills
- Hereditary vs Environmental
- Hereditary: sets limits and
determines developmental
framework
- Environmental:provides
the setting which allows
or does not allow
development to reach
full potential
- Mixture of both
- Overall
- Understanding what is
expected and what isn't
can help appropriately
manage young patients
- Approach varies
with age, also
among same
chronological
age