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1. CLONES

   • diploid nucleus removed from the adult body cell
     • nucleus removed from an egg cell
       • the diploid nucleus is added to the egg cell
         • cell then divides (mitotic division) and grows an embryo
           • embryo placed inside a surrogates uterus until it is ready to be born
   • advantages
     • offspring will have all the good features of the parents
   • disadvantages
     • can take many attempts
     • can die early and suffer more health problems
     • any genetic defect will be given to the offspring

2. STEM CELLS

   • cells that can divide to produce many cells
   • embryonic
     • taken from the embryo and only produce a few cells
     • advantages of ESC
       • easy to extract
       • produce any type of cell
     • disads of ESC
       • kills embryo
       • can be rejected
   • adult
     • found in differentiated tissue
       • divide to replace damaged cells
     • ads of ASC
       • nothing is killed
       • will not be rejected
     • disads of ASC
       • difficult to extract from tissue
       • only produces a few types of cell
   • advantages of both
     • make a person well again
   • risks of both
     • can produce cancer cells

3. TRANSCRIPTION

   • double helix is unwound
     • free complementary bases are paired with the strand
       • makes a strand of complementary
   • T is replaced by U in RNA

4. TRANSLATION

   • ribosome moves along and reads the mRNA
     • tRNA molecules bring amino acids to match in the ribosome
       • the mRNA strand is paired with the tRNA piece
         • close amino acids are joined to make an AA chain
           • tRNA is free to go to another amino acid

5. PROTEINS

   • globular
     • enzymes
       • lipase
         • turns lipids (fat) into fatty acids and glycerol in the stomach, small intestines and pancreas.
       • amylase
         • breaks down starch into sugars in the pancreas, salivary glands and small intestines.
       • protease
         • break down proteins into amino acids in the small intestine and pancreas
   • fibrous
     • keratin (nails)
       • makes your nails tough

6. MUTATIONS

   • can change one or more bases in the DNA sequence
     • can change the amino acid that is added to the chain in the ribosome
       • this can have no effect, be beneficial or be harmful

7. ENZYMES

   • biological catalysts that control reactions in the body
     • all reactions in transcription and translation are controlled by different enzymes

8. ENZYME REACTION

   • temperature
     • down, up and down curve
   • substrate concentration
     • down up curve